Influence of Propolis Residue on the Bacterial Flora in the Cecum of Nanbu Kashiwa

Abstract

Since the growth promoter effect of antibiotics was found, many kinds of antibiotics have been used as feed additives for the improvement of growth performance. Since January 1, 2006, however, European Parliament prohibited the use of antibiotics as feed additives for promoting animal growth because of biosecurity threats arising from the increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics. Thereafter, various natural substrates having the growth promoter effect have been attempted to use as feed additives instead of antibiotics. Honeybees collect propolis from the cracks in the bark of trees, and it has the versatile pharmacological activities including antibacterial effect. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the influence of propolis residue, which was the residue after ethanol extraction, on the cecal bacterial flora in the meat-type chicken, Nanbu Kashiwa. Twenty-eight-d-old female Nanbu Kashiwa were given an ordinary diet for 90 days. During last 10 days, an experimental diet including 2% of propolis residue was provided. At the end of experimental period, ceca were removed and DNA was isolated from cecal content. The V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR using the 357F-GC and 518R primers. To indentify the bacterial diversity, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was applied, and the optical intensity of DGGE bands was determined. The major bands were excised, and DNA was reamplified by PCR. The sequencing data were analyzed by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) of DNA Data Bank of Japan. The bacteria identified by PCR-DGGE and BLAST were Lactobacillus aviaries, Lactobacillus, Olsenella, Coriobacterium, Paraprevotella, Prevotellaceae, Clostridiaceae and Bacteroidaceae. The DGGE band of which the optical intensity of the propolis residue group was lower than the control group was the family Prevotellaceae. The successful use of propolis residue to reduce the family Prevotellaceae showed the possibility to use propolis residue as alternative feed additives.

Propolis residue inclusion in the diet affects digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens

“…This is due to either non-competitive inhibition associated with the number of hydroxyl groups on the B-ring of the flavonoid skeleton, and consequent formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of the polyphenol ligands and catalytic site of the enzyme (LO PIPARO et al, 2008), or the antioxidant properties of the polyphenols, which may also inhibit amylase activity (HASHIM et al, 2013). Moreover, propolis can regulate intestinal microbiota, favouring the colonization of beneficial bacteria and limiting the presence of pathogenic bacteria (ABDEL-MOHSEIN et al, 2014;KAČÁNIOVÁ et al, 2012;KITA et al, 2014), which can promote intestinal health, and consequently, increase the intestinal digestive and absorptive ability. This effect can be attributed to flavonoids, as they prevent pathogenic bacteria from adhering to the intestinal epithelium (MARÍN et al, 2015;PARKAR et al, 2008).…”

“…Indeed, this important feature was proven through the growth of a healthy bacterial population and reduction of the harmful population in the intestine of broiler chickens (KAČÁNIOVÁ et al, 2012;KITA et al, 2014). However, propolis has active compounds that may decrease the activity of digestive enzymes, such as amylase and maltase (MATSUI et al, 2004;ZHANG et al, 2015), as validated in broilers fed crude propolis or an ethanolic propolis extract .…”

New emerging fields of application of propolis

“…The test subjects have been different animal species, including poultry (chickens, laying hens, quails) [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48], lambs [49,50], cattle [51], sheep [52], pigs [53], and fish: sea bass [54], rainbow trout [55][56][57], Nile tilapia [58][59][60], and carp [61] (Table 2). In general, propolis has a positive effect on the biochemical parameters, growth and productivity of the test animals, and is regarded as a possible alternative to antibiotics in animal feed.…”

“…However, the large-scale commercial use of propolis as a food preservative is not yet a reality, because it would require proper standardization. [35] Ross 308 Broiler Chick (heat stressed) 70% Ethanol extract Eastern Anatolia [36,37] Broiler chicks (male Ross 708) -Brazilian green type [38] Broiler chickens 70% Ethanol extract Poplar type, Iran [39] Broilers (Ross 308) 70% Ethanol extract Poplar type, China [40] Broiler chickens 50% Ethanol extract Adquirió en Maringá-PR, Brazil [41] Chickens Hubbard JV 80% Ethanol extract Slovak Republic [42] Chicken hybrid combination Ross 308 80% Ethanol extract Slovak Republic [43] Meat-type chicken Nanbu Kashiwa Propolis residue after alcohol extraction Iwate, Japan [44] Broiler chick Alcoholic extract Brazilian green type [45] Local quails Raw propolis Duhok, Iraq [46] Laying hens, heat stressed 70% Ethanol extract Eastern Anatolia [47] Hens' egg incubation -Central zone of Republic of Moldova [48] Ungulate domestic animals Lambs 70% Ethanol extract Brazilian green propolis [49] Lambs (Santa Inês x Dorper) 70% Ethanol extract Brazilian red propolis [50] Crossbred (½ Angus vs. ½ Nellore) bulls Ethanol extract Maringá PR, Brazil [51] Castrated male sheep 70% Ethanol extract Pernambuco State, Brazil. [52] Growing pigs 70% Ethanol extract Poplar propolis [53] Fish Juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) at low temperature stress Water extract Dalmatia region, middle Croatia [54] Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 95% Ethanol extract Kunming, China [55] Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 96% Ethanol extract Iran [56] Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 80% Ethanol extract Urmia, Iran [57] Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Water extract Egypt [58] Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Cereal alcohol extract Brazilian brown propolis [59] Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings Ethanol extract Dakahlia province, Egypt [60] Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 70% Ethanol extract Poplar type [61] Preservative effect in food industry Beverages Unpasteurized fruit juices (apple, orange, white grape and mandarin) Ethanol extracts Turkey …”

Next-Generation Sequencing of the Microbial Community Profile In Free-Range Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Cecum from East Nusa Tenggara Province

“…This genus typically inhabits the oral cavity, gastrointestinal of humans and animals and favors the anaerobic environment [65,66]. The genus Olsenella was previously documented to be abundant in the chicken cecum by metagenomic methods [67,68,69,70,71]. This genus utilizes arbutin, cellobiose, dextrin, D-fructose, L-fucose, D-galactose, α-Dglucose, maltose, D-mannose, D-melibiose, D-raffinose, salicin, sucrose, and turanose as carbon sources.…”