Influence of radiation-induced voids and bubbles on physical properties of austenitic structural alloys

Severe embrittlement of neutron irradiated austenitic steels arising from high void swelling

“…The most consequential of these second-order effects is the strong decrease of elastic moduli at high swelling levels. All of the elastic moduli are well-known to decrease initially at $2% per each percent of void swelling [18][19][20][21][22]. At >15% swelling this leads to significant reduction in strength.…”

Precipitate evolution in low-nickel austenitic stainless steels during neutron irradiation at very low dose rates

“…It was shown in [1,2] that if there are no other structural changes or especially when swelling dominates the microstructure, swelling-induced changes in electrical resistance can be successfully calculated from the formula below;…”

“…Removal of carbon especially into precipitates is known to increase the density of the steel [7,8] and to change the resistivity and elasticity parameters [1,2], with the net effect depending on what other elements are removed to form the precipitate. The time-dependent phase evolution of stainless steels during irradiation is known to be exceptionally sensitive to dpa, dpa rate, temperature, irradiation history, starting thermalmechanical treatment and both minor and major elemental compositional differences [8][9][10][11].…”

Very high swelling and embrittlement observed in a Fe–18Cr–10Ni–Ti hexagonal fuel wrapper irradiated in the BOR-60 fast reactor

“…The most consequential of these second-order effects is the strong decrease of elastic moduli at high swelling levels. All of the elastic moduli are well-known to decrease initially at $2% per each percent of void swelling [39][40][41][42][43].…”