Influence of Root Color and Tissue on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Carrot Genotypes

Abstract

This study monitored changes in major carotenoids (lutein, ⍺-carotene, and β-carotene), free sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose), ascorbic acid, vitamin E, phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol), fatty acid composition, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activities (AA); ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid) [ABTS] assays, in the inner and outer root tissues of nine carrot genotypes with orange, white, and purple roots. The results showed a differential accumulation of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities depending on root tissue and color. Carotenoids, free sugars, and total phytosterol contents were higher in genotypes with orange roots than in other genotypes. Ascorbic acid, TPC, TFC, total anthocyanin, and AA were highest in purple-colored carrots while vitamin E content was higher in white/purple carrots. Root color was highly related to the accumulation of individual carotenoids, vitamin E isomers, and total anthocyanin content most prominently among the analyzed bioactive compounds and AA. Free sugar and carotenoid contents were relatively higher in outer tissues than in inner tissues. Furthermore, ascorbic acid, TPC, TFC, and AA were statistically higher or similar in outer tissues when compared to inner tissues in all genotypes. In contrast, trends in vitamin E and phytosterol content were inconsistent between the inner and outer tissues, depending on the genotype. Although fatty acid composition was affected by both root color and tissue, the results were not significant. Thus, the phytochemical profile and content were highly dependent on root color and tissue in carrot genotypes. This may be useful in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries for the extraction of targeted bioactive compounds.

The Optimization of Medium Conditions and Auxins in the Induction of Adventitious Roots of Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) and Their Phytochemical Constituents

“…Phenolic and favonoid compounds are responsible for the high efciency of antioxidant activity because they act as electron donors to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent biological molecules from oxidizing the chain reaction [68]. Similar relations between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were also demonstrated in Isodon rugosus calluses [69], Daucus carota roots [70], and Beta vulgaris leaves [71].…”

Chemical Composition, Functional and Anticancer Properties of Carrot

“…The total vitamin E content higher in the outer tissues compared to the inner tissues of almost all genotypes. Howeve the purple carrot genotype shows the highest total vitamin E content in the inner an outer tissues compared to all of the other carrot genotypes [42].…”

“…The high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in carrot roots has been associated with their health potential. It has been reported that PUFAs exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects [42,51]. Interestingly, it has been reported that, among PUFAs, falcarinol-type oxylipins exhibit cytotoxic and anticancer activities [9,50], as described in more detail below.…”

Bioactive Compounds and their Antioxidant Activities in the Ethanol Extract from Rice Leaves (Oryza sativa L.) of Different Varieties

“…A correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between antioxidant active substances and antioxidant activity, aiming to comprehend the individual contributions of each antioxidant to the overall antioxidant activity. It is well established that genotypic factors have a substantial impact on antioxidants, 29 consequently influencing the correlation between antioxidants and antioxidant activity (Table 2).…”