Influence of Rumen Protozoa on Volatile Acid Production and Ration Digestibility in Lambs

Luther, R. M.; Trenkle, Allen; Burroughs, Wise

doi:10.2527/jas1966.2541116x

Cited by 42 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Veira [58] stated there was an increase in protein degradation in faunated ruminants compared with defaunated ruminants. A higher concentration of ruminal ammonia has been observed in faunated animals compared with ciliate-free animals [59][60][61]. Hino and Russell [62] evaluated the relative contributions of ruminal bacteria and protozoa in degradation of protein in an in vitro experiment.…”

Section: Ruminal Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride are not confined to mammalian tissue: Evidence for direct effects of ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms1

Walker

Drouillard

2010

Journal of Animal Science

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Beta-adrenergic agonists, which are synthetic catecholamines, increase rate of gain, improve feed efficiency, and decrease carcass fat when fed to cattle before slaughter. However, little attention has been given to the potential effects of beta-adrenergic agonists on the rumen ecosystem. Natural catecholamines, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, have been observed to stimulate bacterial growth. The objectives of this research were to determine if ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) a synthetic catecholamine has direct effects on growth and fermentation products of ruminal bacteria, and to determine the effects of protein source on ruminal fermentation and proteolysis when cattle are fed RAC. The effects of varying concentrations of RAC on ruminal fermentation were evaluated in vitro. Ractopamine hydrochloride had a quadratic effect on in vitro gas production (P < 0.05). Total VFA production was not changed with RAC (P > 0.50). Different concentrations of RAC were evaluated in vitro with different nitrogen sources to determine effects of nitrogen degradability on response to RAC. There was an interaction between RAC and nitrogen substrate (P < 0.01), with more degradable forms of nitrogen eliciting greater changes in in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) with RAC supplementation. Significant main effects also were detected for RAC, substrate, and hour (P < 0.001). In vitro analysis of proteolysis revealed that RAC lowered ammonia and amino acid concentrations (P < 0.001). In vivo ruminal ammonia concentrations also were lower when RAC was fed in combination with dry-rolled corn, but not when fed in conjunction with steam-flaked corn (grain processing × RAC, P < 0.01). Addition of RAC, steam-flaked corn, and distiller's grains (DG) all resulted in lower ruminal ammonia concentrations (P < 0.01). Amino acid concentrations were decreased when RAC was added to diets with DG but were unchanged in diets without added DG (DG × RAC, P < 0.05). Results from these studies suggest that RAC affects fermentation by ruminal microflora. However, there were no differences in growth or fermentative end products of pure bacterial cultures with the addition of RAC (P > 0.10). Overall beta-adrenergic agonists alter ruminal fermentation, which could have important implications for diet formulation. EFFECTS OF RACTOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ARE NOT CONFINED TO AbstractBeta-adrenergic agonists, which are synthetic catecholamines, increase rate of gain, improve feed efficiency, and decrease carcass fat, when fed to cattle before slaughter. However, little attention has been given to the potential effects of beta-adrenergic agonists on the rumen ecosystem. Natural catecholamines, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, have been observed to stimulate bacterial growth. The objectives of this research were to determine if ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) a synthetic catecholamine has direct effects on growth and fermentation products of ruminal bacteria, and to determine the effects of protein source on rumin...

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Section: Ruminal Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride are not confined to mammalian tissue: Evidence for direct effects of ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms1

Walker

Drouillard

2010

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Over the past twenty years, many studies comparing conventional (naturally faunated) animals with protozoa-free (ciliate-free) animals have been carried out. However, no definite conclusions have been drawn on ciliates because of the contradictory results obtained on growing animals (Bryant and Small, 1960 ;Eadie, 1962 ;Abou Akkada and El Shazly, 1964 ; Christiansen, Kawashima and Burroughs, 1965 ;Borhami et al, 1967 ;Chalmers et al, 1968) and on feed digestion (Abou Akkada andEl Shazly,1964,1965 ;Barringer, Trenkle and Burroughs, 1966 ; Klopfenstein, Purser and Tyznik, 1966 ;Luther, Trenkle and Burroughs, 1966 ;Kurihara et al, 1968 ;Males and Purser, 1970 ;ltabashi and Kandatsu, 1975 ;Jouany, 1975). Ciliates have shown wide differences in their effects in vitro on carbohydrate metabolism (Abou Akkada, 1965 ;Hungate, 1966 ;Church, 1975 ;Clarke, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep

Jouany¹,

Zainab²,

Sénaud³

et al. 1981

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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Summary. Six rumen-fistulated and defaunated wethers were fed twice daily a pelleted diet of barley and dehydrated lucern at a rate of 50 g dry matter/kg body weight °-!5. Two months later, the sheep were divided into three equal groups. Each group was then inoculated in the rumen with one of the following three genera of protozoa : Polyplastron multivesiculatum (P), Entodinium sp. (E), or lsotricha prostoma (I). After two months, each group was subdivided and inoculated with an additional genus to obtain two sheep for each P + E, P + I and E + I combination. After an additional two months, two sheep were inoculated with a mixture of several genera to restore them to a conventional state. At the end of each of the four two-month periods, the total digestibility of organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), nitrogen (N) and fermentation in the rumen were measured.The P + E genera combination could not be obtained because E disappeared when the sheep were inoculated with the P species. However, these two genera can coexist in a rumen containing at least four different genera of protozoa.OM and ADF digestibilities were improved mainly by inoculating the P genus and, to a lesser extent, the E genus, but the effect of I was negative. N digestibility tended to be higher after ciliate inoculation, compared to the defaunated state. Furthermore, the pH in inoculated sheep was generally lower, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia levels were higher.The composition of the VFA mixture was strongly influenced by inoculation with the E genus : the propionic acid proportion increased at the expense of the acetic and butyric acid proportions. This result was confirmed by the lower CH 4/ C0 2 ratio observed in the rumen gas composition in sheep inoculated with the E genus. With P alone or with other ciliates, the butyric acid proportion increased. The rumen lactic acid concentration increased after inoculation with the I genus. In the conventional animals, fermentation patterns were similar to those observed in the P-inoculated animals but the differences increased and became significant.Of the three ciliates studied, the P genus had the greatest effect on the digestive parameters which were similar to those found in conventional sheep. This effect could be explained by the ability of the P genus to hydrolyse and ferment most carbohydrates and by its predatory action on bacteria and protozoa.Introduction.

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“…However, other studies reported synergism between bacteria and protozoa leading to higher ammonia production (Hino & Russell, ) or stated that more than one‐half of the proteolytic activity of mixed MP is due to protozoa (Blackburn & Hobson, ; Warner, ). Bacteria contributed 460 g/kg, and protozoa contributed 200 g/kg to rumen nitrogen (Weller, Gray, & Pilgrim, ); however, addition of protozoa to bacteria fermentations increased ammonium production as much as 40% (Luther, Trenkle, & Burroughs, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of different rumen microbial groups to gas, short‐chain fatty acid and ammonium production from different diets—an approach in an in vitro fermentation system

Mobashar

Hummel

Blank

et al. 2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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In this study, the relative contribution of different microbial groups to ruminal metabolism was investigated for different diets. The rumen microbial cultures included whole rumen fluid, fungi + protozoa, bacteria + protozoa, protozoa and bacteria + fungi and were established by physical and chemical methods. Gas production, short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonium production were measured at 24 hr in in vitro incubations using the Hohenheim gas test (HGT) procedure. Seven donor animal diets with different concentrate‐to‐roughage ratios (C:R: 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, 70:30BC (BC = NaHCO3), 90:10 and 90:10BC) and five HGT diets (C:R: 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 and 90:10) were formulated. Incubations in the HGT were always based on inoculum from sheep diets with the respective C:R ratio. Gas and ammonium production increased (p < 0.001) as a result of a gradual increase in concentrate proportion of the diets. In general, SCFA production followed the same trend. Whole rumen fluid and bacteria + fungi produced approximately 50% higher gas volume than protozoa and fungi + protozoa fractions, whereas gas production with bacteria + protozoa was at an intermediate level. Coculture of protozoa either with bacteria or with fungi produced more ammonium. Populations without bacteria were characterized by a particularly high acetate/propionate ratio. Although an interaction between microbial group and diet was observed for several variables, no clear direction could be established. Manipulating rumen fluid by selectively suppressing specific rumen microbial groups may be a helpful tool in elucidating their role in nutrient degradation and turnover in vitro.

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Influence of Rumen Protozoa on Volatile Acid Production and Ration Digestibility in Lambs

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride are not confined to mammalian tissue: Evidence for direct effects of ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms1

Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride are not confined to mammalian tissue: Evidence for direct effects of ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms1

Rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep

Contribution of different rumen microbial groups to gas, short‐chain fatty acid and ammonium production from different diets—an approach in an in vitro fermentation system

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