Influence of Sex Hormones and Phytoestrogens on Heart Disease in Men and Women

Bhupathy, Poornima; Haines, Chris; Leinwand, Leslie A.

doi:10.2217/whe.09.80

Cited by 104 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…However, women do not always fare better than men with respect to CVD (Luczak & Leinwand 2009). The incidence of CVD in women increases after menopause; when comparing men and women over 65 years of age, this sexual dimorphism disappears and mortality is higher in postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men (Bhupathy et al 2010). Postmenopausal women have approximately the same estrogen levels as do men, but approximately tenfold lower circulating testosterone levels than do men (Luczak & Leinwand 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone enhances estradiol's cardioprotection in ovariectomized rats

Liú

Gao²,

Kang

et al. 2011

Journal of Endocrinology

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After menopause, the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is due not only to estrogen decline but also to androgen decline. This study examined the effects of either estradiol (E 2 ) or testosterone replacement alone or E 2 -testosterone combination on isolated myocytes in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Furthermore, we determined whether the effects are associated with b 2 -adrenoceptor (b 2 -AR). Five groups of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used: Sham operation (Sham) rats, bilateral Ovx rats, Ovx rats with E 2 40 mg/kg per day (OvxCE), Ovx rats with testosterone 150 mg/kg per day (OvxCT), and Ovx rats with E 2 40 mg/kg per dayC testosterone 150 mg/kg per day (OvxCE/T). We determined the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, percentage of rod-shaped cells and apoptosis of ventricular myocytes from rats of all groups subjected to I/R. Then, we determined the above indices and contractile function with or without a selective b 2 -AR antagonist ICI 118 551. We also determined the expression of b 2 -AR. Our data show that either E 2 or testosterone replacement alone or E 2 and testosterone in combination decreased the LDH release, increased the percentage of rod-shaped cells, reduced apoptotic cells (%), and combination treatment appeared to be more effective than either E 2 or testosterone replacement alone. ICI 118 551 abolished the effects of the three. Combination supplementation also enhanced the expression of b 2 -AR. We concluded that in Ovx rats, testosterone enhances E 2 's cardioprotection, while E 2 and testosterone in combination was more effective and the protective effects may be associated with b 2 -AR. The study highlights the potential therapeutic application for CVD in postmenopausal women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone enhances estradiol's cardioprotection in ovariectomized rats

Liú

Gao²,

Kang

et al. 2011

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…According to the WHO, by 2015, almost 20 million people will die from CVD each year. 60 In menopause the risk of CVD greatly increases due to the loss of estrogen. Lipid profiles, vascular reactivity, cellular proliferation and thrombosis are factors that affect CVD and on which phytoestogens have shown beneficial effects.…”

Section: Phytoestrogens For Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoestrogens as Pharma Foods

Gupta¹,

Prakash²,

Gupta³

2016

Adv Food Technol Nutr Sci Open J

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Phytoestrogens are a diverse group of plant-derived compounds that structurally or functionally mimic mammalian estrogens and show potential benefits for human health. They can serve as potential alternatives to the synthetic selective estrogen receptor modulators which are currently being used in hormone replacement therapy. Estrogens play many important physiological roles in men and women. In women, life is severely affected by a variety of estrogen-related conditions such as osteoporosis, cognitive and cardiovascular disease, increased risk of breast cancer and other symptoms that decrease the overall quality of life. Phytoestrogens are effective in maintaining bone mineral density, prevent bone loss, and help in the prevention and/or treatment of such health related problems. They can be classified as flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumestans, stilbenes, lignans and terpenoids. The main isoflavones, genistein and daidzein found in soybean, can exist as glucosides or as aglycones, and are readily hydrolyzed in the gut to their aglycones. The aglycones are easily transported across intestinal epithelial cells. Terpenoids (ferutinine, tschimgine, and tschimganidine) found in the Umbelliferae family have estrogenic activities. The main dietary source of phytoestrogenic stilbenes is trans-resveratrol from red wine and peanuts. Plant-derived foods may be an adequate source for a variety of phytoestrogens capable of producing a range of pharmacological effects and protection from various life threatening diseases. This article provides the comprehensive information about the main groups of phytoestrogens, their food as well as herbal or botanical sources, potential health benefits and probable health hazards.

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“…In the extreme, a drug may have a major effect in males and may not be effective in females at all. However, even a single gene mutation can vary in its effect in male and female mice and is also dependent on the nutrition, i.e., phytoestrogens supplied in the animal chow (Luczak et al 2011;Bhupathy et al 2010).…”

Section: Drug Development and Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and Gender Differences in Clinical Medicine

Regitz‐Zagrosek

Seeland

2012

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

103

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Sex and gender differences in frequent diseases are more widespread than one may assume. In addition, they have significant yet frequently underestimated consequences on the daily practice of medicine, on outcomes and effects of therapies. Gender medicine is a novel medical discipline that takes into account the effects of sex and gender on the health of women and men. The major goal is to improve health and health care for both, for women as well as for men. We give in this chapter an overview on sex and gender differences in a number of clinical areas, in cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, gastroenterology and hepatology, in nephrology, autoimmune diseases, endocrinology, hematology, neurology. We discuss the preferential use of male animals in drug development, the underrepresentation of women in early and cardiovascular clinical trials, sex and gender differences in pharmacology, in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, in management and drug use. Most guidelines do not include even well-known sex and gender differences. European guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases in pregnancy have only recently been published. Personalized medicine cannot replace gender-based medicine. Large databases reveal that gender remains an independent risk factor after ethnicity, age, comorbidities, and scored risk factors have been taken into account. Some genetic variants carry a different risk in women and men. The sociocultural dimension of gender integrating lifestyle, environment, stress, and other variables cannot be replaced by a sum of biological parameters. Because of this prominent role of gender, clinical care algorithms must include gender-based assessment.

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Influence of Sex Hormones and Phytoestrogens on Heart Disease in Men and Women

Cited by 104 publications

References 192 publications

Testosterone enhances estradiol's cardioprotection in ovariectomized rats

Testosterone enhances estradiol's cardioprotection in ovariectomized rats

Phytoestrogens as Pharma Foods

Sex and Gender Differences in Clinical Medicine

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