2003
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00048-9
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Influence of smoking and oral contraceptives on bone mineral density and bone remodeling in young women: a 2-year study

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Cited by 36 publications
(32 citation statements)
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“…104 The definition of OC exposure also differed greatly in the cohort and cross sectional studies. Some used the ''non-user'' v ''user'' distinction, 18 61 -yet these time periods seemed arbitrary, as no reasons for their selection were given. Cobb et al 24 have suggested the concept of ''cumulative oestrogen exposure'' as a quantitative method of defining OC exposure, derived by multiplying the oestrogen dose per month by the total number of months that OCs were used.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…104 The definition of OC exposure also differed greatly in the cohort and cross sectional studies. Some used the ''non-user'' v ''user'' distinction, 18 61 -yet these time periods seemed arbitrary, as no reasons for their selection were given. Cobb et al 24 have suggested the concept of ''cumulative oestrogen exposure'' as a quantitative method of defining OC exposure, derived by multiplying the oestrogen dose per month by the total number of months that OCs were used.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ten (three cohort, [16][17][18] seven cross sectional [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] ) showed a positive effect, 29 (four RCTs, [26][27][28][29] nine cohort, 30-38 15 cross sectional, [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] one case series 54 ) showed no effect, and seven (four cohort, [55][56][57][58] three cross sectional [59][60][61] ) showed a negative effect. All of the RCTs showed no effect on BMD, as measured by either dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) 26 27 29 or quantitative computed tomography.…”
Section: Healthy Premenopausal Womenmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A menor excreção urinária de zinco encontrada nas mulheres +ACH parece refletir uma maior retenção de zinco pelos tecidos e também uma provável diminuição da mobilização óssea, como efeito do uso de ACH. 15,20,21,36,37 . Polatti et al 36 não verificaram, em mulheres de 19 a 22 anos de idade, efeito significativo do uso de ACH contendo estrógeno e progestágeno em baixas doses na atividade de fosfatase alcalina no soro, na excreção urinária de hidroxiprolina, nem na densidade óssea; no entanto, somente em seu grupo de não usuárias de ACH houve aumento significativo da densidade óssea no período estudado, sugerindo que o uso de ACH previne o alcance do pico de massa óssea nessa faixa etária 36 .…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…Todavia, não estão suficientemente esclarecidos os efeitos do uso de contracepção hormonal combinada sobre o alcance do pico de massa óssea, a manutenção da massa óssea na idade adulta e o risco de osteoporose com o avanço da idade [14][15][16][17][18][19] . Estudo experimental realizado em macacas adultas jovens imaturas esqueleticamente 20 verificou que o tratamento por 20 meses com ACH oral trifásico se relacionou com menor ganho de massa e densidade óssea, e acentuadas reduções nos marcadores bioquímicos de síntese óssea (osteocalcina e fosfatase alcalina total) e moderadas reduções naqueles de mobilização óssea (fosfatase ácida e cálcio urinário).…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…PBM is generally defined as the highest level of bone mass achieved as a result of normal growth and seems to be established, for most sites of the skeleton, by late adolescence (Matkovic et al, 1994). Previous studies (Bonjour et al, 1991;Bailey et al, 1996) have demonstrated the period between 9-20 years of age to be critical in building peak bone mass as 90% of total body bone mineral content (BMC) is accrued by the age of 16 (Elgan et al, 2003;, with the remaining 5-10% of total body bone mass achieved in the third decade (Cadogan et al, 1998). In fact, the most rapid bone mineral accumulation occurs approximately 1 year after the age of peak linear growth (Bailey et al, 1996); around the time of menarche for females (Cadogan et al, 1998).…”
Section: Osteoporosis and Peak Bone Massmentioning
confidence: 99%