“…It can also alleviate environmental stresses, such as heat (Khan et al 2013), cold (Saleem et al 2020), drought (Sohag et al 2020), UV-B/C radiation (Li et al 2014;Abrun et al 2016), salinity (Elazab and Youssef 2017), and heavy metals toxicity (Sharma et al 2020), and protect plants from a range of pathogens (Bakker et al 2014). The effect of exogenous SA is influenced by factors such as the plant species, its stage of development, tissue and organ type, mode of application, dose and duration of exposure, environmental and culture conditions, and its endogenous level in the plant (Horváth et al 2007;Janda et al 2014;Kračun-Kolarević et al 2015;with 91,258,272 tons (FAOSTAT 2022). This species is an important source of valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds used not only as food but also in cosmetics, therapeutics, and perfumery (Uzodike and Onuoha 2009;Uthpala et al 2020).…”