Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole–polyethylene oxide actuators

Khadka, Roshan; Zondaka, Zane; Kesküla, Arko; Khorram, Mahdi Safaei; Khanh, Tran Thien; Tamm, Tarmo; Travaš-Sejdić, Jadranka

doi:10.1002/app.46831

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Similar to classical interdiffusion, the time constant for equilibration after a change in E increases with the square of the diffusion distance. [ 24–26 ] Acceptable response times thus require small actuator dimensions in at least one direction. Therefore, many studies investigate PPy as a thin film (typically not exceeding 10 µm) on an electrically conductive substrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoporous‐Gold‐Polypyrrole Hybrid Materials for Millimeter‐Sized Free Standing Actuators

Roschning

Weißmüller

2020

Adv Materials Inter

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An important materials parameter of actuators is their strain-charge coupling coefficient, ψ = δε/δq V , where ε denotes the linear, uniaxial strain. For PPy, the magnitude and sign of ψ depend on the synthesis conditions, the species of transferred ions, the solvent and the mechanical boundary conditions. [4,5,11,21-23] Besides the magnitude of the straincharge coupling, the response time is an important characteristic of actuators. For PPy, the underlying charge transport kinetics include both, ionic transport and the formation of electronically conducting zones along the polymer chains. [24,25] If the potential interval is restricted so that the PPy is kept in its oxidized state with high electronic conductivity, the ion exchange is rate controlling. Similar to classical interdiffusion, the time constant for equilibration after a change in E increases with the square of the diffusion distance. [24-26] Acceptable response times thus require small actuator dimensions in at least one direction. Therefore, many studies investigate PPy as a thin film (typically not exceeding 10 µm) on an electrically conductive substrate. Examples for such actuators are bilayered bending cantilevers [27-29] which may exhibit roughened interfaces for enhanced adhesion, [30] multilayered axial strain actuators [31] or coated fibers spun to yarns. [10] Nanometer-thin PPy films allow for particularly fast reaction times. [15,32] For PPy films with a thickness of about 10 µm, the actuation response time increases to minutes. [33,34] Free-standing PPy actuators with a thickness of ≈100 µm and a cross-sectional gradient in microstructure have been investigated in the context of wireless actuation. [35,36] They exhibit similar response times. For even thicker geometries, the response will be prohibitively slow. PPy actuators with spatial dimensions of mm or above can be realized with PPy-coated nanoskeleton structures, such as multi-walled carbon nanotube networks [37] or electrospun microribbons. [38] In these architectures, a liquid electrolyte in the pore space provides a fast pathway for long-range ion transport. Metal-PPy-electrolyte hybrid materials obtained by the imbibition of PPy-coated nanoporous metals [39] represent a particularly interesting case, because their skeleton structure is load-bearing under compression. This enables actuation against an external compressive load by free-standing macroscopic bodies without a supporting device structure. Furthermore, the mechanical behavior of nanoporous metals has been intensively studied. [40-45] This provides the opportunity for a This work studies the actuation of hybrid materials made from nanoporous gold, polypyrrole, and aqueous electrolyte. The deposition protocol affords a conformal polypyrrole coating on the entire internal interface of millimetersized nanoporous metal specimens made by dealloying. The hybrid material emerges when the remaining pore space is filled with perchloric acid. The metal serves as load-bearing and electronically conductive substrate, the polypyrrole...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoporous‐Gold‐Polypyrrole Hybrid Materials for Millimeter‐Sized Free Standing Actuators

Roschning

Weißmüller

2020

Adv Materials Inter

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“…The highest conductivity of EDMICF3SO3 was nearly double of that of the lowest electrolyte, i.e., NaClO4. The increase in conductivity in EDMICF3SO3 and LiTFSI after actuation cycles in PC has been reported before [28,29]. The conductivity of PP-IPN in the NaClO4 solution showed different behavior, i.e., a decrease in conductivity after actuation, accompanied by the lowest degree of swelling of the trilayers.…”

Section: Characterization Of Pp-ipn Trilayersmentioning

confidence: 53%

Printed PEDOT:PSS Trilayer: Mechanism Evaluation and Application in Energy Storage

Põldsalu

Rohtlaid²,

Plesse³

et al. 2020

Materials

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Combining ink-jet printing and one of the most stable electroactive materials, PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)), is envisaged to pave the way for the mass production of soft electroactive materials. Despite its being a well-known electroactive material, widespread application of PEDOT:PSS also requires good understanding of its response. However, agreement on the interpretation of the material’s activities, notably regarding actuation, is not unanimous. Our goal in this work is to study the behavior of trilayers with PEDOT:PSS electrodes printed on either side of a semi-interpenetrated polymer network membrane in propylene carbonate solutions of three different electrolytes, and to compare their electroactive, actuation, and energy storage behavior. The balance of apparent faradaic and non-faradaic processes in each case is discussed. The results show that the primarily cation-dominated response of the trilayers in the three electrolytes is actually remarkably different, with some rather uncommon outcomes. The different balance of the apparent charging mechanisms makes it possible to clearly select one electrolyte for potential actuation and another for energy storage application scenarios.

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“…The elastic coefficient, k, was calculated from Equation (3), giving for PPy/DBS, before charging/discharging, the value of 239 mg/µm and after charging/discharging (50 actuation cycles), the value of 134 mg/µm. As it has been shown previously, the elastic modulus of conducting polymers changes during actuation cycles [42] was also effected by the nature of the solvent applied [43]. Therefore, as seen from the above results, the determination of the elastic coefficient to operate isotonic measurements is needed in order to measure meaningful data.…”

Section: Results On Model Systems and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Hardware and Software Development for Isotonic Strain and Isometric Stress Measurements of Linear Ionic Actuators

2019

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An inseparable part of ionic actuator characterization is a set of adequate measurement devices. Due to significant limitations of available commercial systems, in-house setups are often employed. The main objective of this work was to develop a software solution for running isotonic and isometric experiments on a hardware setup consisting of a potentiostat, a linear displacement actuator, a force sensor, and a voltmeter for measuring the force signal. A set of functions, hardware drivers, and measurement automation algorithms were developed in the National Instruments LabVIEW 2015 system. The result is a software called isotonic (displacement) and isometric (force) electro-chemo-measurement software (IIECMS), that enables the user to control isotonic and isometric experiments over a single compact graphical user interface. The linear ionic actuators chosen as sample systems included different materials with different force and displacement characteristics, namely free-standing polypyrrole films doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (PPy/DBS) and multiwall carbon nanotube/carbide-derived carbon (MWCNT-CDC) fibers. The developed software was thoroughly tested with numerous test samples of linear ionic actuators, meaning over 200 h of experimenting time where over 90% of the time the software handled the experiment process autonomously. The uncertainty of isotonic measurements was estimated to be 0.6 µm (0.06%). With the integrated correction algorithms, samples with as low as 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be adequately described.

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Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole–polyethylene oxide actuators

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Nanoporous‐Gold‐Polypyrrole Hybrid Materials for Millimeter‐Sized Free Standing Actuators

Nanoporous‐Gold‐Polypyrrole Hybrid Materials for Millimeter‐Sized Free Standing Actuators

Printed PEDOT:PSS Trilayer: Mechanism Evaluation and Application in Energy Storage

Hardware and Software Development for Isotonic Strain and Isometric Stress Measurements of Linear Ionic Actuators

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