“…Defects enable hydrogen atoms to infiltrate materials, posing significant threats to the sustained operation of hydrogen-exposed equipment. , Consequently, it is crucial to study the hydrogen barrier mechanisms under defective structures, aiming to alleviate potential hazards stemming from hydrogen ingress and guarantee the safe and dependable operation of hydrogen-related systems . Limited comprehension of hydrogen barrier failure mechanisms associated with oxide film defects restricts the broad application of TiO 2 film repair technologies in engineering, specifically for hydrogen resistance and corrosion protection . Hence, unraveling these mechanisms could lead to innovative technologies mitigating hydrogen ingress and enhancing material durability in hydrogen-rich environments.…”