Influence of surfactants on porous properties of carbon cryogels prepared by sol–gel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde

Tonanon, Nattaporn; Tanthapanichakoon, Wiwut; Yamamoto, Takuji; Nishihara, Hirotomo; Mukai, Shin R.; Tamon, Hajime

doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(03)00422-6

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Therefore, the addition of TPA + ions leads to an increase of surface area and pore structure in the obtained materials. These data are in agreement with data observed by Tonanon [32] that studied the influence of surfactants in carbon cryogels prepared by sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde. It was found that cationic surfactants increase the porosity of such materials.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

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PtRu/carbon hybrid materials prepared by hydrothermal carbonization as electrocatalysts for methanol electrooxidation

Tusi

Polanco

Brandalise

et al. 2011

Ionics

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PtRu/carbon hybrid materials were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization using starch as carbon source and reducing agent and H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O and RuCl 3 .xH 2 O as metal sources of the carbonization process. The materials were prepared in the following conditions: without pH adjustment, in the absence and in the presence of tetrapropylammonium chloride, and adjusting the pH using potassium hydroxide or tetrapropylammonium hydroxide. The as-synthesized materials were further treated under argon atmosphere at 900°C and characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, BET isotherm, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and cyclic voltammetry. The electrooxidation of methanol was studied by chronoamperometry. The addition of tetrapropylammonium ion promoted an increase in surface area and total pore volume while the alkaline medium favored smaller particle sizes. The material prepared using tetrapropylammonium hydroxide showed the best electroactivity for methanol electrooxidation compared to others obtained materials.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Tonanon [32] evaluated the influence of the surfactant on the porous properties of carbon cryogels prepared by solgel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde. The results showed that different types of surfactants greatly influence the morphologies and porous properties of carbon gels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PtRu/carbon hybrid materials prepared by hydrothermal carbonization as electrocatalysts for methanol electrooxidation

Tusi

Polanco

Brandalise

et al. 2011

Ionics

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“…This synthesis method has received attention because of its ability to produce spherical mesoporous carbon particles. Tonanon et al 21 reported the effects of nonionic and cationic surfactants in the emulsification process on the morphologies and porous properties of the carbons produced. Horikawa et al 22 reported a way of controlling the size of the carbon microspheres by changing the viscosity of the basic RF sol and the stirring speed; they also reported the effects of the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values of the nonionic surfactant on the porosity of the carbon microspheres: the pore volume decreased with decreasing HLB value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of ultrafine carbon cryogel microspheres using a homogenizer

et al. 2006

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in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).Ultrafine carbon cryogel (UCC) microspheres of diameter <5 mm with desirable mesopores were successfully synthesized using a homogenizer during the inverse emulsion polymerization of a resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) aqueous solution in an organic solvent as a continuous phase (CP) containing nonionic surfactant, SPAN80 as an emulsifier, followed by solvent exchange, freeze-drying, and pyrolysis in an Ar atmosphere. The curing time of RF solution before emulsification is a significant factor in controlling the size of the microspheres without changing their porosity. Both the mesoporosity and the size of the microspheres decreased on increasing SPAN80 and RF solution concentration in an inverse emulsion, which showed the possibility of controlling the mesoporosity and the size of the UCC microspheres. Furthermore, hexane could also be used as the continuous phase in the emulsion polymerization. The mean diameter of the UCC microspheres increased and their mesopore volume decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature.

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“…Synthesis and characterization of carbon microspheres and other structures of carbon have been of interest in recent years by many researchers (Al-Muhtaseb and Ritter, 2003;Horikawa et al, 2004;Job et al, 2004Job et al, , 2006Kim et al, 2006;Matos et al, 2006;Pekala, 1989;Pekala and Alviso, 1992;Pekala et al, 1994Pekala et al, , 1998Pol et al, 2004;Shen et al, 2005Shen et al, , 2006Tamon and Ishizaka, 1998;Tonanon et al, 2003;Xu et al, 2005;Yamamoto et al, 2002), especially in the context of carbon-based micro-electromechanical devices (C-MEMS). The patterned as well as non-patterned carbon electrodes in different forms (graphitic/non-graphitic) are used extensively in rechargeable batteries and fuel cells (Hasegawa et al, 2004;Park et al, 2007;Pekala et al, 1994Pekala et al, , 1998Wang et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%