Influence of techniques on synthesizing cashew nut shell oil as a prospective biolubricant on its physicochemical, tribological, and thermal behaviors

Pranav, P.; Sabarinath, S.; Bose, Chinchu; Rani, S.; Jyothi, S.N.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136717

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Among the tested oils, TMPTO had the highest viscosity index of 189.7, followed by PETO (184.3), which represents their outstanding viscosity–temperature characteristics. This is consistent with the literature reports . In addition, the viscosity index increases with the increase of the chain length of substituted alkoxy groups, such as PIS (VI = 81.2) < PETO (VI = 184.3).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Facilitating Investigations of Sustainable Ester Oils: Lubricating Performance, Phytotoxicity Indicators, and Their Structure–Activity Relationship

Wang,

Dong,

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Although sustainable lubricants exhibit excellent performance and eco-friendly characteristics, further research is still needed to fully understand how they affect environmental systems, particularly after mechanical servicing. Herein, five ester oils with distinct structures were applied to explore their physicochemical property, lubricating performance, and phytotoxicity in order to make a profound study on the relevant structure−activity relationship of ester lubricants. Trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) and pentaerythritol oleate (PETO) were found to have the best viscosity−temperature characteristics. The friction coefficients of PETO and TMPTO are relatively small, and the order of wear volume is pentaerythritol tetraisooctanoate (PIS) > diisooctyl sebacate (DOS) > trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM) > TMPTO > PETO. Following, for different plants, the toxicity magnitude order becomes TOTM < PETO < TMPTO < DOS < PIS (wheat, germination, stem length, and root length) and TOTM < TMPTO < PETO < DOS < PIS (Pak choi, germination, and stem length). By the biochemical level, wheat seedlings displayed an inhibition of photosynthetic pigments. Meanwhile, antioxidant enzyme activities superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT (hydrogen peroxide enzyme), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) exhibited a decreasing trend. This work can provide theoretical guidance for the development of environmentally friendly and high-performance lubricants.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This is consistent with the literature reports. 38 In addition, the viscosity index increases with the increase of the chain length of substituted alkoxy groups, 39 such as PIS (VI = 81.2) < PETO (VI = 184.3). The viscosity index decreases with the number increase of the ester groups, for instance, PETO (VI = 184.3) < TMPTO (VI = 189.7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitating Investigations of Sustainable Ester Oils: Lubricating Performance, Phytotoxicity Indicators, and Their Structure–Activity Relationship

Wang,

Dong,

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…It should be noted that resulted shells and pressed liquor have more water content than the natural shells. Cashew nut shell liquor on the whole has been investigated as the green reagent for coating resin [10] and base lubricants [11]. However, the specific components of liquor have different physical properties and can be used as specialized chemicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a Grease Thickener from Cashew Nut Shell Liquor

Hoang,

Pham,

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Thickener, also known as a gelling agent, is a critical component of lubricating greases. The most critical property of thickener, temperature resistance, is determined by the molecular structure of the compounds. Currently, all high-temperature-resistant thickeners are based on 12-hydroxystearic acid, which is exclusively produced from castor oil. Since castor oil is also an important reagent for other processes, finding a sustainable alternative to 12-hydroxystearic acid has significant economic implications. This study synthesises an alternative thickener from abundant agricultural waste, cashew nut shell liquor (CNSL). The synthesis and separation procedure contains three steps: (i) forming and separating calcium anacardate by precipitation, (ii) forming and separating anacardic acid (iii) forming lithium anacardate. The obtained lithium anacardate can be used as a thickener for lubricating grease. It was found that the recovery of anacardic acid was around 80%. The optimal reaction temperature and time conditions for lithium anacardate were 100 °C and 1 h, respectively. The method provides an economical alternative to castor and other vegetable oils. The procedure presents a simple pathway to produce the precursor for the lubricating grease from agricultural waste. The first reaction step can be combined with the existing distillation of cashew nut shell processing. An effective application can promote CNSL to a sustainable feedstock for green chemistry. The process can also be combined with recycled lithium from the spent batteries to improve the sustainability of the battery industry.

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Epoxidation of Calophyllum inophyllum oil fatty acid methyl esters as a potential base-stock for green cutting fluid

Prasannakumar,

Santhakumari,

Thampi

et al. 2024

Environ Dev Sustain

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Influence of techniques on synthesizing cashew nut shell oil as a prospective biolubricant on its physicochemical, tribological, and thermal behaviors

Cited by 10 publications

References 63 publications

Facilitating Investigations of Sustainable Ester Oils: Lubricating Performance, Phytotoxicity Indicators, and Their Structure–Activity Relationship

Facilitating Investigations of Sustainable Ester Oils: Lubricating Performance, Phytotoxicity Indicators, and Their Structure–Activity Relationship

Synthesis of a Grease Thickener from Cashew Nut Shell Liquor

Epoxidation of Calophyllum inophyllum oil fatty acid methyl esters as a potential base-stock for green cutting fluid

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