Influence of temperature and catalyst loading on the aqueous-phase catalytic oxidation of phenol

Catalytic Wet Oxidation of Phenol: Kinetics of the Mineralization Rate

“…A volume of 250 mL of water was introduced into the reactor, with its pH set to an acid initial value (pH o = 3.5). This pH was selected in a previous study carried out with the catalyst mentioned above . The catalyst was boiled twice in distilled water before its first use and placed in the basket of the reactor.…”

“…The study of the catalytic oxidation of organic water-polluting agents has been focused on an examination of catalysts and procedures − (type of reactor and conditions of operation). The oxidation catalysts most frequently employed can be classified in three groups: noble metals, metallic oxides, and metallic salts and their complexes.…”

“…The oxidation catalysts most frequently employed can be classified in three groups: noble metals, metallic oxides, and metallic salts and their complexes. Phenol oxidations in water have been carried out with a great variety of solid catalysts, including oxides of Cu, ,,, Mn, ,, Co, , Cr, , V, and Zn 18,27 as the active species, as well as noble metals (Ru, Pd, and Pt 20,24 ). Among these catalysts, those based on copper oxides seem to exhibit greater activity. , Alumina has been often used as a support, although it has been reported that alumina can slow the reaction; on the other hand, the active phase undergoes significant leaching after a relatively short time. , …”

“…The oxidation catalysts most frequently employed can be classified in three groups: noble metals, metallic oxides, and metallic salts and their complexes. Phenol oxidations in water have been carried out with a great variety of solid catalysts, including oxides of Cu, 14,15,18,32 Mn, 16,18,28 Co, 21,27 Cr, 24,33 V, 28 and Zn 18,27 as the active species, as well as noble metals (Ru, 17 Pd, and Pt 20,24 ). Among these catalysts, those based on copper oxides seem to exhibit greater activity.…”

Reaction network and kinetic modeling of wet oxidation of phenol catalyzed by activated carbon

“…The catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) is a promising method, but an active and stable heterogeneous catalyst has to be achieved. Usually, catalyst based on noble metals (Duprez et al, 1996;Imamura et al, 1988;Vaidya and Mahajani, 2002;Trawczynski, 2003;Zhang and Chuang, 1999;Hamoudi et al, 1998;Qin et al, 2001;Maugans and Akgerman, 2003), metallic oxides (Sadana and Katzer, 1974;Ohta et al, 1980;Jaulin and Chornet, 1987;Pintar and Levec, 1992;Fortuny et al, 1995;Akyurtlu et al, 1998;Santos et al, 2000Santos et al, , 2001aWu et al, 2001;Arena et al, 2003;Ding et al, 1995;Imamura et al, 1985;Hamoudi et al, 2000;Chen et al, 2001;Pintar and Levec, 1994) and metallic salts (Mantzavinos et al, 1996) are employed. The main drawbacks of the catalyst based on noble metals are the high cost and fast deactivation by fouling (Hamoudi et al, 1998;Qin et al, 2001;Maugans and Akgerman, 2003;Masende et al, 2003).…”