Influence of Temperature on Flight, Walking and Oviposition Capacities of two Aphid Parasitoid Species (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae)

Effects of short-term heat shock and physiological responses to heat stress in two Bradysia adults, Bradysia odoriphaga and Bradysia difformis

“…Heat stress (36–40 °C) exerted significant lethal and sub-lethal effects on two Bradysia adults, but there were significant differences in the heat-tolerance responses between them: B. odoriphaga possessed more heat tolerance than B. difformis indicating that the former maintained a higher survival rate after heat shock exposure and suffered less severe sub-lethal effects. Previous research confirmed that Bemisia tabaci , whose population peaked in summer, did not exhibit significant negative changes after a 1-h heat shock (37–45 °C), while the fecundity of Trialeurodes vaporariorum , whose population peaked under cooler conditions, decreased rapidly 10 . Thermal adaptability limits the distribution and abundance of Culicoides imicola and Culicoides bolitinos .…”

“…In addition to rapid lethal effects, heat stress also exerted various biological stresses on surviving insects, such as suppressing fecundity and longevity 1 , 10 . Previous studies confirmed that two Bradysia adults did not oviposit at once after emergence, and the pre-oviposition period ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 d 32 – 34 , indicating that they were restricted to suffer the heat stress in the daytime before oviposition.…”

“…Heat stress can have rapid lethal effect on insects, which has been widely reported 7 , 8 . However, understanding the sub-lethal impacts of thermal stress on the development and reproduction of surviving insects could provide important basic information for insect ecology study 9 , 10 . When the temperature is between the lethal high and physiological limits, insects can be affected by thermal injuries, which result in the loss of life or decline in fecundity 9 .…”

Effect of light intensity and nutritional value of food resources on flight response of adult parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

“…For many natural enemies, for example, parasitoids mobility is directly related to flight aptitude which is determined by capacity and inclination of a species engaged in flight. There are several biotic factors such as body size, age, sex (Fahrner et al 2014; Alves et al 2015; Gaudon et al 2016; Gaudon et al 2018) and abiotic factors, like temperature (Rousse et al 2009; Jerbi-Elayed et al 2015; Gaudon et al 2016), photoperiod (Alves et al 2015) and humidity (Rousse et al 2009; Keppner and Jarau 2016) plays major role in determining the host searching and flight activity of insect parasitoids. Out of these, light intensity and feeding status are two important factors which directly affect the flight behaviour of insects.…”

Thermal Activity Thresholds of ParasitoidsAphidius avenaeandAphidius gifuensis(Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Implications for Their Efficacy as Biological Control Agents in the Same Location

“…The occurrence of extreme temperatures, which could directly lead to the mortality of insects such as parasitoids, may become more common in an era of climate change (Hance et al 2007). In addition, other traits of parasit-oids are related to temperature, such as the flight and walking behavior (Jerbi-Elayed et al 2015), the attack rates on aphids (Romo & Tylianakis 2013), the antennal segmentation and sensilla morphogenesis (Sun et al 2014), and the percentage of parasitized host eggs (Spínola-Filho et al 2014;Jerbi-Elayed et al 2015). In temperate regions, sublethal temperatures can leave an insect incapable of activity or development and indirectly lead to mortality.…”