Influence of temperature on the heterogeneous reaction of toluene to N-containing organic compounds using in situ DRIFTS

The heterogeneous reactions of toluene/O3/NH3 on hematite nanoparticles: the impact of light illumination on organic ammonium salt formation

“…28,67 When O 3 was introduced into this reaction system, formed electron–hole pairs (h + and e − ) could further react with O 3 to form additional hydroxyl radicals. 66 As one of the reactants, OH radicals played a critical role in the formation of benzoic acid through the chain reaction. The increase of hydroxyl radicals could improve the toluene oxidation rates and accelerate the reaction to increase the formation content of benzoic acid.…”

Heterogeneous Reactions of Phenol on Different Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol: Formation of Oxidized Organic and Nitro-Phenolic Compounds

“…48 Another study conducted on heterogeneous reactions of toluene with NO 2 on α-Fe 2 O 3 has reported enhanced ON formation with decreasing temperature, whereas addition of O 3 enhances ON formation with increasing temperature, indicating the various heterogeneous reaction mechanisms at play. 49 Overall, there is increasing recognition of the impact of mineral dust aerosol, a reactive and abundant aerosol, 50 on SOAs concentration and aerosol size distributions. 51−54 For an example, during a dust event from the Gobi Desert, an increased concentration of nitro-phenolic compounds in the size range of (3.2−5.6 μm) was seen compared to nondust events.…”

“…Studies conducted with pyridine, a model PAH, and NO 2 showed the heterogeneous nitration rates are accelerated on mineral dust, particularly on kaolinite . Another study conducted on heterogeneous reactions of toluene with NO 2 on α-Fe 2 O 3 has reported enhanced ON formation with decreasing temperature, whereas addition of O 3 enhances ON formation with increasing temperature, indicating the various heterogeneous reaction mechanisms at play …”

“…Although phenol reactions in the aqueous and gas phases have been well studied, reactions of phenol on mineral surfaces are scarce. The chemistry of other aromatic compounds, including several related compounds, have been previously investigated. − In one study, reactions of guaiacol on Fe-containing clay minerals were shown to contribute to brown carbon formation under varying relative humidity levels. Fe­(III) has been shown to oxidize and catalyze the polymerization of guaiacol.…”

“… 48 Another study conducted on heterogeneous reactions of toluene with NO 2 on α-Fe 2 O 3 has reported enhanced ON formation with decreasing temperature, whereas addition of O 3 enhances ON formation with increasing temperature, indicating the various heterogeneous reaction mechanisms at play. 49 …”