Influence of Test Distance on Stereoacuity in Intermittent Exotropia

Seki, Yukari; Wakayama, Akatsuki; Takahashi, Rika; Umebara, Ikumi; Tanabe, Fumi; Abe, Kosuke; Shimomura, Yoshikazu

doi:10.1080/09273972.2016.1276938

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Previous research has shown that these are consistent in the normal population, while others found they were quite different ( 28 , 29 ). The difference between distance and near stereopsis was significant when suffering from diseases ( 30 , 31 ). There is also little literature referring to stereopsis affected by meridional aniseikonia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the relationship between induced aniseikonia and distance stereopsis

Liu¹,

Xu²,

Guo³

et al. 2023

Ann Transl Med

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Background: The impact of aniseikonia on stereopsis has been studied for decades, however, inconsistency which may be partly attributed to the method of inducing aniseikonia exists among these findings. This study aimed to induce overall and meridional aniseikonia using a three-dimensional (3D) computer and then evaluate the effect of induced aniseikonia on distance stereopsis using contour-based and random-dot-based patterns.Methods: A 3D laptop was used to produce all of the test symbols. Unlike the usual method of creating aniseikonia with size lenses, which would change not only the size but also the relative position of the test symbols in the two images as seen by the two eyes, a new test system was designed to evaluate the aniseikonia, which only modified the size while maintaining the relative position of the test symbols. This new method reduced the disparities induced by location changing of the paired test targets when inducing aniseikonia. Aniseikonia was induced overall or in one of the meridians. The induced meridional aniseikonia included 180°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°, respectively. The range of induced aniseikonia was 0-30% with an increment of 5%.Results: Overall magnification affected stereopsis more than magnification in any one of the meridians.The stereoacuity differences between oblique meridians (30°, 45°, and 60°) were not significant until the aniseikonia increased up to 20%. The difference between 180°, 45°, and 90° was significant when the aniseikonia increased up to 10% in the contour-based test and over 20% in the random-dot-based test. The stereoacuity trend was improved gradually, coupled with the angle changing from 180º to 90º in the contourbased pattern, and deteriorated gradually in the random-dot-based pattern.Conclusions: Overall aniseikonia affected stereopsis more than meridional aniseikonia. The stereoacuity of the contour-based pattern was superior to that of the random-dot-based pattern in the 90° meridian, while the opposite result was obtained in the 180° meridian.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the relationship between induced aniseikonia and distance stereopsis

Liu¹,

Xu²,

Guo³

et al. 2023

Ann Transl Med

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show abstract

“…It would be challenging to train all the nurses and pediatricians to perform a cover test for strabismus detection and so screening protocols opt for the simpler stereo testing (typically Randot), which can miss cases of intermittent strabismus. Direct evaluation of strabismus (rather than relying on a stereopsis test) is particularly important in intermittent strabismus, where stereopsis can be normal or near normal causing most cases to be missed [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A smartphone ocular alignment measurement app in school screening for strabismus

et al. 2021

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Background Strabismus is the leading risk factor for amblyopia, which should be early detected for minimized visual impairment. However, traditional school screening for strabismus can be challenged due to several factors, most notably training, mobility and cost. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the feasibility of using a smartphone application in school vision screening for detection of strabismus. Methods The beta smartphone application, EyeTurn, can measure ocular misalignment by computerized Hirschberg test. The application was used by a school nurse in a routine vision screening for 133 elementary school children. All app measurements were reviewed by an ophthalmologist to assess the rate of successful measurement and were flagged for in-person verification with prism alternating cover test (PACT) using a 2.4Δ threshold (root mean squared error of the app). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the best sensitivity and specificity for an 8Δ threshold (recommended by AAPOS) with the PACT measurement as ground truth. Results The nurse obtained at least one successful app measurement for 93% of children (125/133). 40 were flagged for PACT, of which 6 were confirmed to have strabismus, including 4 exotropia (10△, 10△, 14△ and 18△), 1 constant esotropia (25△) and 1 accommodative esotropia (14△). Based on the ROC curve, the optimum threshold for the app to detect strabismus was determined to be 3.0△, with the best sensitivity (83.0%), specificity (76.5%). With this threshold the app would have missed one child with accommodative esotriopia, whereas conventional screening missed 3 cases of intermittent extropia. Conclusions Results support feasibility of use of the app by personnel without professional training in routine school screenings to improve detection of strabismus.

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“…Direct evaluation of strabismus (rather than relying on a stereopsis test) is particularly important in intermittent strabismus, where stereopsis can be normal or near normal causing most cases to be missed. 5,6 In 2002, the American Academy of Pediatrics strongly endorsed the development of cost-effective imagebased screening (photoscreening) as a means to extend screening to all children. 7 The red re ex (Bruckner) 8 and the corneal re ex (Hirschberg) techniques are the two most common strabismus photoscreening methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Smartphone Ocular Alignment Measurement App in School Screening for Strabismus

Cheng

Lynn

Pundlik

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Strabismus is the leading risk factor for amblyopia, which should be early detected for minimized visual impairment. However, traditional school screening for strabismus can be challenged due to several factors, most notably training, mobility and cost. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the feasibility of using a smartphone application in school vision screening for detection of strabismus.Methods: The beta smartphone application, EyeTurn, can measure ocular misalignment by computerized Hirschberg test. The application was used by a school nurse in a routine vision screening for 133 elementary school children. All app measurements were reviewed by an ophthalmologist to assess the rate of successful measurement and were flagged for in-person verification with prism alternating cover test (PACT) using a 2.4Δ threshold (root mean squared error of the app). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the best sensitivity and specificity for an 8Δ threshold (recommended by AAPOS) with the PACT measurement as ground truth.Results: The nurse obtained at least one successful app measurement for 93% of children (125/133). 40 were flagged for PACT, of which 6 were confirmed to have strabismus, including 4 exotropia (10△, 10△, 14△ and 18△), 1 constant esotropia (25△) and 1 accommodative esotropia (14△). Based on the ROC curve, the optimum threshold for the app to detect strabismus was determined to be 3.0△, with the best sensitivity (83.0%), specificity (76.5%). With this threshold the app would have missed one child with accommodative esotriopia, whereas conventional screening missed 3 cases of intermittent extropia.Conclusions: Results support feasibility of use of the app by personnel without professional training in routine school screenings to improve detection of strabismus.

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Influence of Test Distance on Stereoacuity in Intermittent Exotropia

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Evaluating the relationship between induced aniseikonia and distance stereopsis

Evaluating the relationship between induced aniseikonia and distance stereopsis

A smartphone ocular alignment measurement app in school screening for strabismus

A Smartphone Ocular Alignment Measurement App in School Screening for Strabismus

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