Influence of the Addition of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Fly Silica Ash and Limestone on Selected Properties of Cement Mortars

The Influence of GGBFS as an Additive Replacement on the Kinetics of Cement Hydration and the Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortars

“…During the early phase of hydration, the GBFS particles play a physical role, also known as the filler effect, where they serve as a place for nucleation and growth products of hydration. The second role of GBFS is associated with its chemical reactivity in an alkali environment, known as pozzolanic reactions, in which amorphous aluminosilicate reacts with portlandite and produces additional C-S-H phases [28][29][30]. Additional C-S-H phases formed by the pozzolanic reactions in the pores of the hardened cement composite have a significant influence on the increase in mechanical properties and, consequently, on the decrease in porosity and permeability.…”

“…However, the long measurement time of individual scans during the phase of most intense hydration makes quantitative mineralogical analysis impossible. Quantitative PXRD analyses in the early phase of hydration can only be performed on data collected by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction for two reasons: the brightness of the beam is much higher and the measurement time for a quality sample can be optimized to a few seconds [30].…”

Analysis of the Impact of Sludge and Slag Waste on the Basic Properties of Cement Mortars

“…Ulewicz and, bio-silica (Muradyan et al, 2023), concrete and cement waste (Kalinowska-Wichrowska, 2022) as well as ash from the combustion of agricultural and municipal waste and sewage sludge (Kalak et al, 2023;Pietrzak, 2019) on the properties of composites with a cement matrix. The literature also contains reports on the use of waste from the iron, aluminum and copper metallurgy for the production of cement-based composite materials (Ahmad et al, 2022;Bae et al, 2021;Brachaczek et al, 2023;Cardoso et al, 2022;Faraone et al, 2009;Lee et al, 2019;Lehner et al, 2022;Lis and Nowacki, 2022;Mohit, 2014;Nazer et al, 2021;Pizoń et al, 2020;Rashad, 2014;Rashad, 2022;Rooholamini et al, 2019;Santamaría et al, 2020;Santamaría-Vicario et al, 2016;Yee Leng Ng et al, 2022;). Waste from the steel industry has been of interest to scientists for many years, because the majority of it is still deposited in landfills.…”

“…In Europe, only 40% of steel slag is effectively processed, of which 69.9% is used for road construction (Rashad, 2022). This material, like other waste from the steel industry (blast furnace slag, sludge or ash from electric arc furnaces), is used in laboratory tests as a substitute for cement or aggregate in concrete (Ahmad et al, 2022;Lee et al, 2019;Lehner et al, 2022;Rashad, 2022) and cement mortars (Bae et al, 2021;Brachaczek et al, 2023;Cardoso et al, 2022;Lehner et al, 2022;Rashad, 2014;Santamaría et al, 2020;Santamaría-Vicario et al, 2016). Despite numerous studies, it is not possible to clearly determine their impact on the basic properties of the materials produced, as the review work (Rashad, 2022) shows, because the chemical composition of waste generated by the metallurgical industry is very diverse and these materials were used to a different extent.…”