“…Additionally, the QM/MM capability in NWChem has resulted in the development and refinement of force-field parameters, which can, in turn, be used in classical molecular dynamics simulations. Over the last two decades, classical parameters obtained using NWChem have been employed to address the underlying mechanisms of a variety of novel complex biological systems and their interactions (e.g., lipopolysaccharide membranes, carbohydrate moieties, mineral surfaces, radionuclides, and organophosphorous compounds), 307,308,[311][312][313][340][341][342][343][344] which has led to a significant expansion of the database of AMBER-and Glycam-compatible force fields and the GROMOS force field for lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. [345][346][347][348][349][350][351] For cases where a classical description of the environment is deemed insufficient, NWChem offers an option to perform an ONIOM type calculation.…”