Spinel-type
catalysts
are promising anode materials for the alkaline
oxygen evolution reaction (OER), exhibiting low overpotentials and
providing long-term stability. In this study, we compared two structurally
equal Co2FeO4 spinels with nominally identical
stoichiometry and substantially different OER activities. In particular,
one of the samples, characterized by a metastable precatalyst state,
was found to quickly achieve its steady-state optimum operation, while
the other, which was initially closer to the ideal crystallographic
spinel structure, never reached such a state and required 168 mV higher
potential to achieve 1 mA/cm2. In addition, the enhanced
OER activity was accompanied by a larger resistance to corrosion.
More specifically, using various ex situ, quasi in situ, and operando methods, we
could identify a correlation between the catalytic activity and compositional
inhomogeneities resulting in an X-ray amorphous Co2+-rich
minority phase linking the crystalline spinel domains in the as-prepared
state. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed
that these Co2+-rich domains transform during OER to structurally
different Co3+-rich domains. These domains appear to be
crucial for enhancing OER kinetics while exhibiting distinctly different
redox properties. Our work emphasizes the necessity of the operando methodology to gain fundamental insight into the
activity-determining properties of OER catalysts and presents a promising
catalyst concept in which a stable, crystalline structure hosts the
disordered and active catalyst phase.