Influence of the endophyte (<i>Neotyphodium lolii</i>) on morphology, physiology, and alkaloid synthesis of perennial ryegrass during high temperature and water stress

Eerens, J. P. J.; Lucas, Richard J.; Easton, Syd; White, J. G. H.

doi:10.1080/00288233.1998.9513305

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the endophyte promotes water conservation strategies in the plant (Malinowski & Belesky 2000). This result contrasts with prior work on both tall fescue and perennial ryegrass, which found no significant influence of endophyte symbiosis on relative water content, although trends for tall fescue were in the same direction as reported here (Eerens et al . 1998; Assuero et al .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Endophyte symbiosis benefits a rare grass under low water availability

2008

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Summary 1.Symbiotic relationships with microbes may influence how plant species respond to environmental change. Here, we investigated how a fungal endophyte symbiosis affects the growth and survival of a rare, mid-western United States grass species under altered water availability. In a 12-week long greenhouse experiment, we compared the performance of endophyte-infected and endophytedisinfected grove bluegrass ( Poa alsodes , Poaceae) subjected to two levels of water availability. Gravimetric water measurements indicated that the low water treatment had 24% less soil moisture than the high water treatment. 2. In the high water treatment, the performance of endophyte-infected plants and disinfected plants was similar. However, under low water, endophyte-infected plants had 17% more total biomass than disinfected plants. Despite localization of the endophyte in above-ground plant tissues, effects of the endophyte were stronger below-ground: Under low water, endophyte-infected plants produced 24% more root biomass, but just 14% more shoot biomass than disinfected plants. When water-limited, disinfected plants had 29% greater leaf senescence than endophyte-infected plants. 3. We investigated several plant traits that may underlie benefits of symbiosis. Under low water, disinfected plants had significantly higher relative leaf water content than endophyte-infected plants, consistent with the hypothesis that endophytes cause plants to up-regulate water conservation mechanisms faster in response to drought. There were no strong differences between endophyteinfected and disinfected plants in root morphology, leaf area or water use efficiency, although plants with the endophyte had slightly shorter leaves. 4. Our results suggest that endophyte symbiosis may ameliorate the negative effects of drought stress for grove bluegrass. The heritable transmission of endophytes from plants to seeds provides opportunities for environmental change to influence selection on native grass-endophyte symbioses.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Endophyte symbiosis benefits a rare grass under low water availability

2008

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“…In other words, endophyte‐infected plants might be more conservative than noninfected plants by reducing growth during drought and conserving water in the soil–plant system. Detailed results on WUE in perennial ryegrass confirmed that endophyte‐infected plants had lower WUE than noninfected plants in response to drought (Eerens et al, 1998). Interestingly, endophyte‐infected plants of perennial ryegrass were less wilted (thus less stressed) than noninfected plants because of improved water status characteristics.…”

Section: Adaptations and Mechanisms Of Drought Stress Tolerancementioning

confidence: 85%

Adaptations of Endophyte‐Infected Cool‐Season Grasses to Environmental Stresses: Mechanisms of Drought and Mineral Stress Tolerance

Malinowski

Belesky²

2000

Crop Science

720

469

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Cool‐season grasses infected with Neotyphodium spp. endophytes have an extraordinary impact on the ecology and economy of pasture and turf. A range of adaptations of endophyte‐infected grasses to biotic and abiotic stresses has been identified but mechanisms of these adaptations are not clearly understood. In this review, we present recent research progress on endophyte‐related mechanisms affecting abiotic (drought, mineral) and selected aspects of biotic stress tolerance in cool‐season grasses. Endophytes induce mechanisms of drought avoidance (morphological adaptations), drought tolerance (physiological and biochemical adaptations), and drought recovery in infected grasses. Mineral nutrition (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium) affects production of ergot alkaloids, thus understanding mechanisms involved in mineral economy of endophyte‐infected grasses will help in developing management practices to reduce forage toxicity to livestock. Previous research resolved the role of endophyte in nitrogen (N) economy of tall fescue. We identified two endophyte‐related mechanisms in tall fescue operating in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency. The mechanisms are altered root morphology (reduced root diameters and longer root hairs) and chemical modification of the rhizosphere resulting from exudation of phenolic‐like compounds. These mechanisms were shown to benefit endophyte‐infected plants grown under P deficiency. We also report a mechanism of aluminum (Al) sequestration on root surfaces in endophyte‐infected tall fescue, which appears to be related to exudation of phenolic‐like compounds with Al‐chelating activity. Understanding mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in endophyte‐infected grasses is essential for continued improvement and persistence of grasses for a range of applications, e.g., forage for semi‐arid areas or cover plants for soil renovation.

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“…In a recent study conducted in pastures in southern New Zealand, alkaloid concentrations in ryegrass were consistent with those reported herein. 10,11 Summer pasture values for freeze-dried samples were 300 ppb ergovaline and 1,200 ppb lolitrem B. Under greenhouse conditions, ryegrass has been reported to contain 470 ppb ergovaline and 2,290 ppb lolitrem B.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Ergovaline and Lolitrem B Levels in Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne)

Hovermale

Craig

2001

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. The varieties of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with the endophytic fungus Neotiphodium lolii contain several classes of toxic alkaloids, including ergopeptide alkaloids and lolitrem alkaloids. Lolitrem B, a potent tremorgen, is generally considered to be the predominant alkaloid in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. Ergovaline, a vasoconstrictor normally associated with endophyte-infected tall fescue (Festuca arudinacea), is also present in endophyte infected perennial ryegrass. Clinical signs of animals ingesting endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass are consistent with the presence of lolitrem B. However, clinical signs normally associated with ergovaline poisoning are not usually observed in animals ingesting endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. A survey was conducted to quantitate both lolitrem B and ergovaline in 459 perennial ryegrass straw samples received at the Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Samples were analyzed for each alkaloid using separate high-performance liquid chromatography analyses. A strong positive correlation between the 2 alkaloids (r 2 ϭ 0.7335) was observed, especially in the samples containing Ͻ3,000 ppb (ng/g) lolitrem B. The threshold levels above which clinical signs typically occur are 2,000 ppb lolitrem B and 300-400 ppb ergovaline. All of the samples analyzed contained Ͻ425 ppb ergovaline.

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Influence of the endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) on morphology, physiology, and alkaloid synthesis of perennial ryegrass during high temperature and water stress

Cited by 47 publications

References 20 publications

Endophyte symbiosis benefits a rare grass under low water availability

Endophyte symbiosis benefits a rare grass under low water availability

Adaptations of Endophyte‐Infected Cool‐Season Grasses to Environmental Stresses: Mechanisms of Drought and Mineral Stress Tolerance

Correlation of Ergovaline and Lolitrem B Levels in Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne)

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