Influence of the In-Cylinder Catalyst on the Aftertreatment Efficiency of a Diesel Engine

Abstract

The article discusses the use of a catalyst inside the cylinder, the task of which is to reduce exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. The catalyst (platinum) applied to the glow plugs provided an additional method of exhaust aftertreatment. Due to their usage, especially in urban driving, passenger cars are characterized by small mileage between individual trips, so they often operate from a cold engine start and work at a low engine temperature, which leads to reduced catalytic reactor efficiency. For this reason, the efficiency of the internal catalyst was tested in relation to the efficiency of the external reactor. This efficiency was determined based on exhaust emission measurements (before and after the catalytic reactor) in two stages: stage 1: idling of a hot engine, and stage 2: simulation of the NEDC test (valid for the selected test object). The tests were carried out on an engine dynamometer, where the traffic conditions from the type-approval test carried out on a chassis dynamometer could be replicated. The tests were carried out on a Euro 4 1.3 JTD MultiJet diesel engine. The results (measurement of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and the number of particles) related to the assessment of the effect the catalyst in the cylinder were discussed. The obtained catalytic reactor efficiency results, regardless of the type of research, indicated that it achieved the highest efficiency in reducing the concentration of hydrocarbons, and the lowest—in relation to the number of solid particles (as that is not its primary function). It is particularly significant that the in-cylinder catalytic converter was most efficient during the cold engine start, which happens frequently in urban driving. The efficiency of the diesel oxidation catalytic reactor (DOC) during the engine start-up and warm-up phases with the use of standard glow plugs reached values of 31.3%, 34.1% and 14.3%, respectively, for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and the particle number. On the other hand, the determined efficiency of the DOC in a setup with the modified glow plugs was 28.9%, 35.7% and 12.5%, respectively. The proposed solution can be used to improve the combustion quality in internal combustion engines used in hybrid vehicles, which are characterized by frequent engine starts and stops. In addition, it is possible to use such a solution retroactively in traditional vehicles powered by an internal combustion engine, which could result in an improvement in their emission class through what is called retrofitting.

Evaluation of Nitrogen Oxide (NO) and Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions from Waste Biodiesel Combustion

“…Subsequently, nitrogen oxide in the exhaust system and later in the atmosphere quickly transforms into nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). NO and NO 2 are found in motor exhausts in the greatest quantity and determine negative impacts on humans and the environment, while NOx further includes other oxides such as N 2 O, N 2 O 3 , N 2 O 4 , and N 2 O 5 [9][10][11]. Nitrogen oxides affect the nervous system, lungs, and respiratory tract.…”

“…The minimization of NOx and PM emissions in modern engines meeting current Euro VI standards is realized by the simultaneous use of EGR exhaust gas recirculation and selective catalytic reduction SCR (for NOx reduction) as well as the installation of a DPF particulate filter (for PM reduction) [9,23].…”