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The magnetic refrigeration effect of gadolinium (Gd) metal allows for room temperature cooling, offering a wide range of potential applications. Gd is typically manufactured into thin sheets for the production of array-type magnetic refrigeration (MR) heat exchangers. However, due to its highly reactive chemical properties, Gd is prone to susceptible to corrosion when exposed to the heat transfer medium. Therefore, enhancing the corrosion resistance of Gd sheets is essential for protecting the metal and extending their operational lifespan. In this study, a corrosion resistant coating was developed through the electrodeposition of high purity copper onto Gd sheet followed by anodic oxidation. It was observed that utilising a current density of 2 A/dm2, Cu2+ concentration of 0.16 mol/L, PH of 10, temperature of 50 °C, and HEDP of 30 g/L resulted in the formation of a uniform copper layer measuring 23.41 μm and significantly improved corrosion resistance by 98.65% compared to the substrate. The analysis of the results indicates that the oxide layer is primarily composed of CuO, Cu2O, CuOH and Cu(OH) 2. The corrosion resistance of the anodised surface has been enhanced by 31.17% compared to before anodising, while the wettability of the anodised surface has been reduced. As a result, in this study, a method for depositing a corrosion-resistant copper coating is developed, which can significantly prolong the service life of Gd in MR heat exchangers.
The magnetic refrigeration effect of gadolinium (Gd) metal allows for room temperature cooling, offering a wide range of potential applications. Gd is typically manufactured into thin sheets for the production of array-type magnetic refrigeration (MR) heat exchangers. However, due to its highly reactive chemical properties, Gd is prone to susceptible to corrosion when exposed to the heat transfer medium. Therefore, enhancing the corrosion resistance of Gd sheets is essential for protecting the metal and extending their operational lifespan. In this study, a corrosion resistant coating was developed through the electrodeposition of high purity copper onto Gd sheet followed by anodic oxidation. It was observed that utilising a current density of 2 A/dm2, Cu2+ concentration of 0.16 mol/L, PH of 10, temperature of 50 °C, and HEDP of 30 g/L resulted in the formation of a uniform copper layer measuring 23.41 μm and significantly improved corrosion resistance by 98.65% compared to the substrate. The analysis of the results indicates that the oxide layer is primarily composed of CuO, Cu2O, CuOH and Cu(OH) 2. The corrosion resistance of the anodised surface has been enhanced by 31.17% compared to before anodising, while the wettability of the anodised surface has been reduced. As a result, in this study, a method for depositing a corrosion-resistant copper coating is developed, which can significantly prolong the service life of Gd in MR heat exchangers.
This study presents a method for estimating the space-dependent thermal contact resistance between the two-layer walls of a furnace using the boundary element method (BEM) and conjugate gradient method (CGM) for the heat conduction problem. The global solution equation in matrix form is derived using the interface conditions, and the BEM is used to solve the direct problem. The CGM minimizes the objective function and calculates the sensitivity coefficients with the complex variable derivation method (CVDM). Comparative results show that the present approach is more accurate, stable, and efficient than the conventional CGM, which is attributed to the calculation of the sensitivity coefficients by CVDM. The effects of the value of thermal contact resistance, thermal conductivity ratio, Biot number, initial guess, measurement error, and the number and position of measurement points on the inversion results are also analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through numerical examples, and the inversion results show its stability, efficiency, and accuracy in identifying different and complex distributions of thermal contact resistance. Furthermore, this approach is feasible for nonintrusive measurement, which is very meaningful in practical applications.
Composite materials and structural optimization are important research topics in heat transfer enhancement. The current evaluation parameter for the conductive heat transfer capability of composites is effective thermal conductivity (ETC); however, this parameter has not been studied or analyzed for its applicability to different heat transfer models and composite structures. In addition, the optimized composite structures of a specific object will vary when different optimization methods and criteria are employed. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate a suitable method and parameter for evaluating the heat transfer capability of optimized composites under different heat transfer models. Therefore, this study analyzes and summarizes three typical conductive heat transfer models: surface-to-surface (S-to-S), volume-to-surface (V-to-S), and volume-to-volume (V-to-V) models. The equivalent thermal conductivity ( ) is proposed to evaluate the conductive heat transfer capability of topology-optimized composite structures under the three models. A validated simulation method is used to obtain the key parameters for calculating . The influences of the interfacial thermal resistance and size effect on are considered. The results show that the composite structure optimized for the V-to-S and V-to-V models has a value of only 79.4 W m−1 K−1 under the S-to-S model. However, the values are 233.4 W m−1 K−1 and 240.3 W m−1 K−1 under the V-to-S and V-to-V models, respectively, which are approximately 41% greater than those of the in-parallel structure. It can be demonstrated that is more suitable than the ETC for evaluating the V-to-S and V-to-V heat transfer capabilities of composite structures. The proposed can serve as a characteristic parameter that is beneficial for heat transfer analysis and composite structural optimization.
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