Influence of the pore generator on the evolution of the mechanical properties and the porosity and interconnectivity of a calcium phosphate cement

Lopez‐Heredia, Marco A.; Sariibrahimoğlu, Kemal; Yang, Wen Gang; Bohner, Marc; Yamashita, Daisuke; Kunstár, Aliz; Apeldoorn, Aart van; Bronkhorst, Ewald M.; Lanao, Rosa P. Félix; Leeuwenburgh, Sander C. G.; Itatani, Kiyoshi; Yang, Fang; Salmon, Phil; Wolke, Joop G.C.; Jansen, John A.

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.08.010

Cited by 61 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…presented 48% and 59 % of total porosity, respectively. Besides of increasing sample total porosity, foaming also created larger and broader interconnected pores that might promote nutrients' transport and the enlargement of cell interaction surface area facilitating new bone growth 6,14,15 . This can be observed in the SEM micrographs (Figure 2) of the surface of fracture of the set cements with and without chitosan, gelatin and foaming.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scaffolds with pore diameters ranging from 100 to 800 µm facilitate cell attachment and proliferation 16,17 . Moreover, making scaffolds of resorbable materials enhance its degradation rate permitting new bone tissue growth and improving implant osteointegration 6,[14][15][16]18 . Fortunately, all samples containing gelatin have pore size distribution between the ideal range (100 to 800 µm).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scaffolds of calcium phosphate cement containing chitosan and gelatin

et al. 2013

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Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have potential to be used on repairing damaged bones due to their moldability, bioactivity and bioresorbability. These materials combine calcium orthophosphate powders with a liquid leading to a paste that hardens spontaneously at low temperatures. Hence, CPCs could be applied as scaffolds to support cell/tissue growth. This paper studies CPC scaffolds processing by foaming cement's liquid phase in which was added gelatin and chitosan. The former acted to increase the foam stability while the ladder acted as a foaming agent. Moreover, these polymers would enhance scaffold's biological properties by controlling material's total porosity and in vivo resorption. The method proposed led to scaffolds with 58.71% porosity with sizes ranging from 160 to 760 µm and compressive strength of 0.70MPa. After foaming, pores' size, distribution and interconnectivity changed significantly leading to a material that could be applied on bone regeneration since it would allow nutrient's transport, cell attachment and an increase in material degradation rate.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaffolds of calcium phosphate cement containing chitosan and gelatin

et al. 2013

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“…Other porogenic agents were also tested to create porosity. The examples include: hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase [343] and/or iced [344], crystals of NaHCO 3 and Na 2 HPO 4 [345], calcium sulfate [58], calcite [247] and NaCl [346,347], poly( d , l -lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles [348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355], microspheres of pectin [356], and gelatin [357,358], vesicants [359], cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [360], polytrimethylene carbonate [361], sucrose granules, as well as some immiscible liquids. These additives could be applied on pre-set formulations only, while the solubility degree of the solid porogens during setting influences both the content and dimensions of the macroporosity.…”

Section: Various Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the addition of porogens [337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361], the porosity level of the self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations might be controlled to a certain extent by adjusting particle sizes and the P/L ratio. When the P/L ratio is high, the porosity of the hardened formulations is low [4,5].…”

Section: The Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Setting Calcium Orthophosphate Formulations

Dorozhkin¹

2013

JFB

151

107

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In early 1980s, researchers discovered self-setting calcium orthophosphate cements, which are bioactive and biodegradable grafting bioceramics in the form of a powder and a liquid. After mixing, both phases form pastes, which set and harden forming either a non-stoichiometric calcium deficient hydroxyapatite or brushite. Since both of them are remarkably biocompartible, bioresorbable and osteoconductive, self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations appear to be promising bioceramics for bone grafting. Furthermore, such formulations possess excellent molding capabilities, easy manipulation and nearly perfect adaptation to the complex shapes of bone defects, followed by gradual bioresorption and new bone formation. In addition, reinforced formulations have been introduced, which might be described as calcium orthophosphate concretes. The discovery of self-setting properties opened up a new era in the medical application of calcium orthophosphates and many commercial trademarks have been introduced as a result. Currently such formulations are widely used as synthetic bone grafts, with several advantages, such as pourability and injectability. Moreover, their low-temperature setting reactions and intrinsic porosity allow loading by drugs, biomolecules and even cells for tissue engineering purposes. In this review, an insight into the self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations, as excellent bioceramics suitable for both dental and bone grafting applications, has been provided.

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“…Other porogenic agents were also tested to create porosity. The examples include: hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase [343] and/or iced [344], crystals of NaHCO 3 and Na 2 HPO 4 [345], calcium sulfate [58], calcite [247] and NaCl [346,347], poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles [348][349][350][351][352][353][354][355], microspheres of pectin [356], and gelatin [357,358], vesicants [359], cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [360], polytrimethylene carbonate [361], sucrose granules, as well as some immiscible liquids. These additives could be applied on pre-set formulations only, while the solubility degree of the solid porogens during setting influences both the content and dimensions of the macroporosity.…”

Section: Properties Improvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Setting Calcium Orthophosphate Formulations

Dorozhkin¹

2012

Calcium Orthophosphates

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Abstract:In early 1980s, researchers discovered self-setting calcium orthophosphate cements, which are bioactive and biodegradable grafting bioceramics in the form of a powder and a liquid. After mixing, both phases form pastes, which set and harden forming either a non-stoichiometric calcium deficient hydroxyapatite or brushite. Since both of them are remarkably biocompartible, bioresorbable and osteoconductive, self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations appear to be promising bioceramics for bone grafting. Furthermore, such formulations possess excellent molding capabilities, easy manipulation and nearly perfect adaptation to the complex shapes of bone defects, followed by gradual bioresorption and new bone formation. In addition, reinforced formulations have been introduced, which might be described as calcium orthophosphate concretes. The discovery of self-setting properties opened up a new era in the medical application of calcium orthophosphates and many commercial trademarks have been introduced as a result. Currently such formulations are widely used as synthetic bone grafts, with several advantages, such as pourability and injectability. Moreover, their low-temperature setting reactions and intrinsic porosity allow loading by drugs, biomolecules and even cells for tissue engineering purposes. In this review, an insight into the self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations, as excellent bioceramics suitable for both dental and bone grafting applications, has been provided.

show abstract

Influence of the pore generator on the evolution of the mechanical properties and the porosity and interconnectivity of a calcium phosphate cement

Cited by 61 publications

References 50 publications

Scaffolds of calcium phosphate cement containing chitosan and gelatin

Scaffolds of calcium phosphate cement containing chitosan and gelatin

Self-Setting Calcium Orthophosphate Formulations

Self-Setting Calcium Orthophosphate Formulations

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