Influence of the urea content on the YSZ hydrothermal synthesis under dilute conditions and its role as dispersant agent in the post-reaction medium

Tailoring high-surface-area nanocrystalline TiO2 polymorphs for high-power Li ion battery electrodes

“…In this work, the crystalline phase of TiO 2 was controlled by the urea concentrations during the hydrolysis and the oxidation of Ti 3+ in solution. Urea is gradually decomposed in an aqueous solution to release OH − during the thermal treatment at temperatures between 80 and 100 • C [27]. At small urea concentrations such as 0.3 M, the strongly acidic condition (pH = ∼1) was maintained through the dissociation of HCl in the TiCl 3 precursor (20% TiCl 3 in 3% HCl) for a relatively long reaction time because of the slow generation of OH − .…”

Effect of Y2O3 addition on the phase composition and crystal growth behavior of YSZ nanocrystals prepared via coprecipitation process

“…In order to obtain dense and pure YSZ nanocrystals, several methods have been explored, including coprecipitation [12,13], hydrothermal process [14,15] and sol-gel process [16,17]. Among these methods, coprecipitation process is the most used one since it provides great advantages over conventional methods with a simple and inexpensive process and short operating periods in the synthesis of ceramic powders.…”

Synthesis and crystallization behavior of 3mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) nanosized powders prepared using a simple co-precipitation process

“…Recently, various processes have been widely used for synthesizing YSZ nano-particles which have been reported, such as the co-precipitation [12], hydrothermal [13], and sol-gel processes [14]. The co-precipitation process has the advantages of low cost, easy-to-acquire equipments, a well-mixed solution, and nanometric precursor particles.…”