Influence of Thermal Ageing Process on the Crack Propagation of Rubber Used for Tire Application

Stoček, Radek; Kratina, Ondřej; Ghosh, Prasenjit; Maláč, Jiří; Mukhopadhyay, R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41879-7_24

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Heat generation in tire components also influences the aging rate of cured rubber compounds, and the effect of heat aging results in the polymer chain bond breakdown (softening) or conversion of Polysulfidic linkage to mono or di-sulfidic linkage (hardening), which mainly depends on the type of rubber and rubber chemicals used in rubber compound formulation [18,19] . This degradation of the rubber compound leads to a shorter service life of the tire.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the absence of ZnO, CA fully functioned as a CB CA, while in the presence of ZnO it acts as a CB CA as well anti-reversion agent. There are few articles available, where researchers studied the influence of CB CA agents on rubber properties [18,20,21] . But, other than coupling efficiency, other properties evaluations for this type of chemical have been not yet done before.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the Effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) With Carbon Black Coupling Agent on Physico-Mechanical Properties in Natural Rubber Matrix

Pal

Banerjee

Chowdhury

et al. 2023

org. polym. mater. res.

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Natural rubber (NR) is not only the main compounding ingredient used to make the majority of components of tires as well as other rubber products, as it plays a significant role in ensuring that they operate well and complies with environmental standards. The applications of NR products are limited to high temperatures due to the revision tendency of NR vulcanizate. To address these issues, the potential engagement of a carbon black (CB) coupling agent (CA) in the presence of metal oxide i.e. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) was investigated in an NR-based system. This CA has dual functionality on physicomechanical properties. CA has the ability to reduce hysteresis loss as well as improve anti-reversion properties and these properties thoroughly depend on the presence of ZnO. While ZnO was added to the master formulation, a 65% improvement in reversion properties was observed. On the other hand, while ZnO fully transferred to the final formulation, bound rubber (BR) content increased by 19%, the difference in storage modulus (ΔG’) is reduced by 22%, cure rate index (CRI) improved by 14%, loss tangent (tan δ) reduced by 18% and slightly improve in elongation at break compared to control compound. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was engaged to understand the thermal stability and degree of purity of CA. A differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was used to detect the phase transition of CA. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) was adopted to detect the presence of carboxyl and amine groups in the CA moiety. Payne effect, BR content and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) were employed to investigate the micro-level dispersion of CB in the natural rubber (NR) matrix.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) With Carbon Black Coupling Agent on Physico-Mechanical Properties in Natural Rubber Matrix

Pal

Banerjee

Chowdhury

et al. 2023

org. polym. mater. res.

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show abstract

“…NR and SBR are immiscible and react differently in the presence of heat and oxygen. In general, NR initially undergoes chain scission, while cross-linking reactions dominate upon progressive aging with excessive oxidation leaving NR hard and brittle, whereas SBR undergoes cyclization and cross-linking reactions upon aging leading to a hardening of the material. − In particular, studies of the mechanical properties of short-term aged NR/SBR blends have broadly revealed that tensile strength and elongation-at-break reduce, with a simultaneous increase in hardness with the duration of aging. − Additionally, a reduction in resistance to crack growth has been observed from fatigue crack growth analysis . A novel way of qualitatively predicting the different aging mechanisms leading to these properties can be achieved by plotting the extension ratio at break with respect to modulus at 100% strain. , Such plots, applicable to non-strain-crystallizing rubbers at different cross-link densities due to aging, provide a broad indication of the aging mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR Studies on the Phase-Resolved Evolution of Cross-Link Densities in Thermo-Oxidatively Aged Elastomer Blends

Karekar

Oßwald²,

Reincke³

et al. 2020

Macromolecules

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A knowledge of the distribution of cross-link densities (CDs) in the constituent rubber phases of an elastomer blend is essential to understand its overall service properties, but phase-resolved CD estimations have so far been limited to qualitative assessments. In a first study of its kind, we demonstrate a phase-resolved quantification of the CDs in sulfur-cured blends of natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) using solid-state 1H homonuclear dipolar double-quantum (DQ) magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. The blends were also subjected to prolonged thermo-oxidative aging to monitor the chemical changes in the two phases. Analyses of the residual dipolar coupling constant (D res), arising due to spatial restrictions by cross-links to molecular motions, as observed in MAS and static 1H DQ experiments, suggest that unaged NR and SBR cross-link to similar extents. A minimum in D res after around 500 h of aging duration is observed in NR, associated with the formation of highly mobile defect fractions, as seen from free induction decay (FID) combined with transverse relaxometry, with further cross-linking up to 1000 h. SBR appears more stable, with a gradual increase in D res over the aging duration. Phase-resolved experiments reveal a somewhat less cross-linked SBR phase in an unaged 50:50 blend. The phase-specific distribution of CDs in the blend phases becomes significant upon aging, which suggests that NR ages more strongly in the blend as compared to the aged single vulcanisates, thus dictating the blend properties.

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Parameters Influencing Fatigue Characteristics of Tyre Tread Rubber Compounds

Ghosh¹,

Chanda²,

Mukhopadhyay³

2022

Degradation of Elastomers in Practice, Experiments and Modeling

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Influence of Thermal Ageing Process on the Crack Propagation of Rubber Used for Tire Application

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Understanding the Effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) With Carbon Black Coupling Agent on Physico-Mechanical Properties in Natural Rubber Matrix

Understanding the Effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) With Carbon Black Coupling Agent on Physico-Mechanical Properties in Natural Rubber Matrix

NMR Studies on the Phase-Resolved Evolution of Cross-Link Densities in Thermo-Oxidatively Aged Elastomer Blends

Parameters Influencing Fatigue Characteristics of Tyre Tread Rubber Compounds

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