Influence of Thyroid Hormones and Cortisol on Immune Response in Case of Children’s Bronchopulmonary Diseases

Abstract

The problem of acute respiratory tract infections (including acute bronchitis) remains urgent in the whole world independent of human age, especially when disease rates are considered. The World Health Organization reports annually on 1.5 billion cases of acute respiratory diseases. In Ukraine, the disease rate is 3.6 times higher among children than among adults (totally, it is equal to 67,000 cases per 100,000 individuals). The highest rate is observed among under-6-year-old children. In contrast to the average bronchopulmonary disease rate in Europe, the same Ukrainian index remains slightly higher for the last decades. Among children, the acute bronchitis rate is 6.2–25.0% within all bronchopulmonary diseases, reaching 50.0–90.0% if there are recurrences. Our literature review aims to compare different researchers’ perspectives, selecting articles and analyzing data as to how thyroid hormones and cortisol influence immune response in children’s bronchopulmonary diseases. In the literature review, the modern perspective of children’s hormonal state in bronchopulmonary diseases is studied. The hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid and hypothalamus-hypophysis-paranephros interaction roles in bronchopulmonary adaptive responses are explained. The thyroid hormone and cortisol importance for organism resistance are regarded. The manifestation, pathogenetic progress mechanisms, diagnosing methods, and treatment of different subclinical hormonal shifts (particularly euthyroid sick syndrome) are researched. The interconnection of hormonal and immunological indicators is covered (whose change is a predictively significant marker – that can foresee the disease progress, its duration and consequences for patients). Therefore, the relevance consists in researching the influence of thyroid hormones and cortisol on immune response by different pathological states of children’s bronchopulmonary diseases.