Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on bioaccumulation, antioxidant defense and immune system of Galleria mellonella L.

Tunçsoy, Benay; Meşe, Yağmur

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13409-4

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…31,32 Less studied is the bioaccumulation of transition metals in humans. However, experimental studies have shown that titanium nanoparticles can indeed accumulate in tissues 33,34 following contact with epithelia 35 even at low concentrations, and zirconium oxide (ZrO2), commonly used in biomedical and dentistry applications, 36,37 has shown evidence of bioaccumulation in aquatic animals after environmental exposure of low concentrations. 38 Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (n-SiO2), one of the most commonly used nanomaterials in biomedicine, pharmaceutical manufacturing, cosmetics [39][40][41] increasingly is being released into the environment and there is experimental evidence that it accumulates in the food chain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy of commercial swabs used for COVID-19 lateral flow testing

Aparicio-Alonso

Torres-Solórzano

Contreras

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The chemical composition of COVID test swabs has not been examined beyond the manufacturers' datasheets. Given the unprecedented demand for swabs to conduct rapid lateral flow tests and nucleic acid amplification tests, which led to mass production, including 3-D printing platforms, it is plausible that manufacturing impurities could be present in the swabs and, if so, could pose a risk for human health. We used scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to examine the ultrastructure of five assorted brands of COVID test swabs, and to identify and quantify their chemical elements. We detected unexpected elements, including transition metals, such as titanium and zirconium, as well as aluminium, silicon, and fluorine. The amount of some of the detected elements is close to reported toxicological thresholds for inhalation routes. Experimental studies have shown that detrimental effects of the unexpected chemical elements include moderate to severe inflammatory states in the exposed epithelium as well as proliferative changes. Given the massive testing still being used in the context of the COVID pandemic, often as requisites for travelling, attending universities, or as mandatory work policies, we urge caution in continuing to recommend repeated and frequent testing, particularly of healthy, non-symptomatic, individuals.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy of commercial swabs used for COVID-19 lateral flow testing

Aparicio-Alonso

Torres-Solórzano

Contreras

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, experimental studies have shown that titanium nanoparticles can indeed accumulate in tissues 33,34 following contact with epithelia 35 even at low concentrations, and zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), commonly used in biomedical and dentistry applications, 36,37 has shown evidence of bioaccumulation in aquatic animals after environmental exposure of low concentrations. 38 Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (n-SiO 2 ), one of the most commonly used nanomaterials in biomedicine, pharmaceutical manufacturing, cosmetics [39][40][41] increasingly is being released into the environment and there is experimental evidence that it accumulates in the food chain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy of commercial swabs used for COVID-19 lateral flow testing

Aparicio-Alonso

Torres-Solórzano

Contreras

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The chemical composition of COVID test swabs has not been examined beyond the manufacturers’ datasheets. Given the unprecedented demand for swabs to conduct rapid lateral flow tests and nucleic acid amplification tests, which led to mass production, including 3-D printing platforms, it is plausible that manufacturing impurities could be present in the swabs and, if so, could pose a risk for human health. We used scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to examine the ultrastructure of five assorted brands of COVID test swabs, and to identify and quantify their chemical elements. We detected unexpected elements, including transition metals, such as titanium and zirconium, as well as aluminium, silicon, and fluorine. The amount of some of the detected elements is close to reported toxicological thresholds for inhalation routes. Experimental studies have shown that detrimental effects of the unexpected chemical elements include moderate to severe inflammatory states in the exposed epithelium as well as proliferative changes. Given the massive testing still being used in the context of the COVID pandemic, often as requisites for travelling, attending universities, or as mandatory work policies, we urge caution in continuing to recommend repeated and frequent testing, particularly of healthy, non-symptomatic, individuals.

show abstract

“…Less studied is the bioaccumulation of transition metals in humans. However, experimental studies have shown that titanium nanoparticles can accumulate in tissues following contact with epithelia [32,33], even at low concentrations [34], and zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), commonly used in biomedical and dentistry applications [35,36], has shown evidence of bioaccumulation in aquatic animals after environmental exposure at low concentrations [37]. Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (n-SiO 2 ), among the most commonly used nanomaterials in biomedicine, pharmaceutical manufacturing [38][39][40], and cosmetics, are increasingly being released into the environment, and there is experimental evidence that they accumulate in the food chain [41,42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDX Spectroscopy of Commercial Swabs Used for COVID-19 Lateral Flow Testing

Aparicio-Alonso,

Torres-Solórzano,

Méndez-Contreras

et al. 2023

Toxics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The chemical composition of COVID test swabs has not been examined beyond the manufacturer’s datasheets. The unprecedented demand for swabs to conduct rapid lateral flow tests and nucleic acid amplification tests led to mass production, including 3D printing platforms. Manufacturing impurities could be present in the swabs and, if so, could pose a risk to human health. We used scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to examine the ultrastructure of seven assorted brands of COVID test swabs and to identify and quantify their chemical elements. We detected eight unexpected elements, including transition metals, such as titanium and zirconium, the metalloid silicon, as well as post-transition metals aluminium and gallium, and the non-metal elements sulphur and fluorine. Some of the elements were detected as trace amounts, but for others, the amount was close to reported toxicological thresholds for inhalation routes. Experimental studies have shown that the detrimental effects of unexpected chemical elements include moderate to severe inflammatory states in the exposed epithelium as well as proliferative changes. Given the massive testing still being used in the context of the COVID pandemic, we urge caution in continuing to recommend repeated and frequent testing, particularly of healthy, non-symptomatic, individuals.

show abstract

Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on bioaccumulation, antioxidant defense and immune system of Galleria mellonella L.

Cited by 21 publications

References 43 publications

Scanning electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy of commercial swabs used for COVID-19 lateral flow testing

Scanning electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy of commercial swabs used for COVID-19 lateral flow testing

Scanning electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy of commercial swabs used for COVID-19 lateral flow testing

Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDX Spectroscopy of Commercial Swabs Used for COVID-19 Lateral Flow Testing

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