Influence of tongue brushing and scraping on the oral microflora of periodontitis patients

Laleman, Isabelle; Koop, R.; Teughels, Wim; Dekeyser, Christel; Quirynen, Marc

doi:10.1111/jre.12489

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…(Amou et al, ) There are various reports on the reduction of bacterial count on the tongue by tongue brushing. (Gilmore & Bhaskar, ; Laleman, Koop, Teughels, Dekeyser, & Quirynen, ; Matsui et al, ) Bordas et al (Bordas et al, ) reported that although mechanical tongue cleaning without chemical intervention can reduce bacterial load on the tongue, this effect is transient, and regular tongue cleaning is required to provide a long‐lasting reduction in bacterial numbers. However, there are some problems with the tongue brush.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of an oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder in reducing oral bacteria in tongue coating: A crossover trial

Matsumura

Hinode

Fukui

et al. 2019

Clinical & Exp Dental Res

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Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder on oral bacteria in tongue coating compared with tongue brushing. Material and methods Thirty‐two healthy, young adults were enrolled, and a crossover clinical trial was conducted. The volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentration, Winkel tongue‐coating index (WTCI), and the number of total bacteria in addition to Fusobacterium nucleatum in tongue coating were measured. We instructed subjects to remove tongue coating by tongue brush for Intervention I, to keep the oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder on the tongue dorsum and to let it dissolve naturally for Intervention II, and three oral care tablets 1 day before the measurement for Intervention III. Results There were significant differences in terms of the level of H2S, VSC, and WTCI at Intervention I and all evaluation values at Intervention II. There were significant differences in terms of the level of H2S, VSC, WTCI, the number of total bacteria, and F. nucleatum at Intervention III. The value of WTCI, the number of bacteria, and F. nucleatum decreased significantly after taking the oral care tablets than after tongue brushing. When compared with Interventions I and III, Intervention III showed the effective results; there were significant differences in the number of total bacteria and F. nucleatum between tongue brushing and taking tablets. Conclusions These results suggested that the oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder could be effective in reducing total bacteria and F. nucleatum in tongue coating when compared with tongue brushing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of an oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder in reducing oral bacteria in tongue coating: A crossover trial

Matsumura

Hinode

Fukui

et al. 2019

Clinical & Exp Dental Res

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“…De Boever and Loesche correlated the amount of tongue coating and the types of surface profiles (fissures/crypts) with bacterial counts 37 ; however, other researchers did not confirm this correlation 38,39 . According to Laleman et al and Quirynen et al, MTC for 14 days reduces the amount of tongue coating but does not change the microbial load 30,40 . Thus, some authors have stated that MTC should be recommended only to patients experiencing oral malodor 17 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…38,39 According to Laleman et al and Quirynen et al, MTC for 14 days reduces the amount of tongue coating but does not change the microbial load. 30,40 Thus, some authors have stated that MTC should be recommended only to patients experiencing oral malodor. 17 However, apart from oral malodor, oropharyngeal dysphagia might be influenced by proper MTC.…”

Section: Ta B L E 3 (Continued)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical tongue cleaning is a worthwhile procedure to improve the taste sensation

Timmesfeld

Kunst

Fondel

et al. 2020

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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Background: There are still only a few therapeutic strategies to improve taste sensation, which is part of oral health and quality of life. Objective: Therefore, here we aimed to investigate gustatory functions of healthy subjects performing mechanical tongue cleaning (MTC), an easy-to-perform oral hygiene procedure, to demonstrate taste changes and to describe possible negative side effects. Methods: Prior to and 14 days following MTC with an Orabrush ® , the following tests were conducted in 65 healthy participants including both non-smokers (n = 50, 76.9%) and smokers (n = 15, 23.1%): 'taste strips' test, the Winkel Tongue Coating Index (WTCI), and subjective self-assessment. Results: Among non-smokers, subjective self-assessments of gustatory function (P < .01), halitosis (P = .03) and tongue coating (P < .01) improved after 14 days of MTC; furthermore, they exhibited higher total taste (P < .01) and lower WTCI (P < .01) values. Their age and sex did not correlate with the differences between the pre-and post-MTC WTCI scores; however, differences between pre-and post-MTC total taste values were correlated with age. The total taste value improvements were greater in non-smokers aged 45-91 years than in those aged 20-44 years (P = .01). In smokers, total taste values (P < .01), as well as sweet (P = .03) and sour (P = .04) taste values, were significantly improved after 14 days of MTC. Conclusion: Fourteen days of MTC using an Orabrush ® can improve gustatory functions in non-smokers and smokers. Therefore, MTC might be a useful, costless and easy option to improve taste and should be considered as a part of the daily oral care. K E Y W O R D S mechanical tongue cleaning, Orabrush ® , oral care, taste, Winkel Tongue Coating Index This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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“…A variety of methods to reduce tongue coating have been developed and tested to reduce oral malodor 9,10 . Mechanical removal of the tongue coating using tongue brushes or tongue cleaners is one such popular method 9,11 . Other methods include using antimicrobials, e.g., in gels or mouthwashes, or using oral tablets 10,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-site and interpersonal diversity of salivary and tongue microbiomes, and the effect of oral care tablets

et al. 2020

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Background: Oral microbiota has been linked to both health and disease. Specifically, tongue-coating microbiota has been implicated in aspiration pneumonia and halitosis. Approaches altering one's oral microbiota have the potential to improve oral health and prevent diseases. Methods: Here, we designed a study that allows simultaneous monitoring of the salivary and tongue microbiomes during an intervention on the oral microbiota. We applied this study design to evaluate the effect of single-day use of oral care tablets on the oral microbiome of 10 healthy individuals. Tablets with or without actinidin, a protease that reduces biofilm formation in vitro, were tested. Results: Alpha diversity in the saliva was higher than that on the tongue without the intervention. The core operational taxonomic units (OTUs) common to both sites were identified. The salivary and tongue microbiomes of one individual tended to be more similar to one another than to those of other individuals. The tablets did not affect the alpha or beta diversity of the oral microbiome, nor the abundance of specific bacterial species. Conclusions: While the salivary and tongue microbiomes differ significantly in terms of bacterial composition, they show inter- rather than intra-individual diversity. A one-day usage of oral care tablets did not alter the salivary or tongue microbiomes of healthy adults. Whether the use of oral tablets for a longer period on healthy people or people with greater tongue coating accumulation shifts their oral microbiome needs to be investigated.

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Influence of tongue brushing and scraping on the oral microflora of periodontitis patients

Abstract: Objective: To examine the effect of tongue cleaning with a tongue scraper (TS) or toothbrush (TB) in patients with periodontitis.

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

Effectiveness of an oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder in reducing oral bacteria in tongue coating: A crossover trial

Effectiveness of an oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder in reducing oral bacteria in tongue coating: A crossover trial

Mechanical tongue cleaning is a worthwhile procedure to improve the taste sensation

Inter-site and interpersonal diversity of salivary and tongue microbiomes, and the effect of oral care tablets

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