Influence of transposable elements on the structure and function of the <i>A1</i>
 gene of <i>Zea mays</i>

Schwarz‐Sommer, Zsuzsanna; Shepherd, Nancy S.; Tacke, Eckhard; Gierl, Alfons; Rohde, Wolfgang; Leclercq, Lise; Mattes, Maryann G.; Berndtgen, Rita; Petérson, Peter A.; Saedler, Heinz

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04752.x

Cited by 224 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Similar experiments conducted using the maize A1 gene, encoding DFR (Schwarz-Sommer et al, 1987), under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter demonstrated that this construct was capable of restoring the pigmentation of tt3 mutant plants and seeds (Table I and Fig. 2A).…”

mentioning

confidence: 54%

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

2001

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Mutations in the transparent testa (tt) loci abolish pigment production in Arabidopsis seed coats. The TT4, TT5, and TT3 loci encode chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, respectively, which are essential for anthocyanin accumulation and may form a macromolecular complex. Here, we show that the products of the maize (Zea mays) C2, CHI1, and A1 genes complement Arabidopsis tt4, tt5, and tt3 mutants, restoring the ability of these mutants to accumulate pigments in seed coats and seedlings. Overexpression of the maize genes in wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings does not result in increased anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting that the steps catalyzed by these enzymes are not rate limiting in the conditions assayed. The expression of the maize A1 gene in the flavonoid 3Ј hydroxylase Arabidopsis tt7 mutant resulted in an increased accumulation of pelargonidin. We conclude that enzymes involved in secondary metabolism can be functionally exchangeable between plants separated by large evolutionary distances. This is in sharp contrast to the notion that the more relaxed selective constrains to which secondary metabolic pathways are subjected is responsible for the rapid divergence of the corresponding enzymes.

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mentioning

confidence: 54%

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

2001

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“…As illustrated in Figure 1, the element's transcription unit, which commences within 0.2 kb of the element's left (5') terminus, is opposite in orientation to that of the a gene (Pereira et el. 1986; Developmental regulation of Spm Masson et al 1987;Schwarz-Sommer et al 1987). Figure 2, a and b, shows the kernel phenotypes of the active form of the two alleles used here.…”

Section: Active Cryptic and Programmable Spin Elementsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Molecular mechanisms in the developmental regulation of the maize Suppressor-mutator transposable element.

Banks¹,

Masson²,

Fedoroff³

1988

Genes Dev.

199

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The maize Suppressor-mutator (Spm) element can exist in one of three heritable forms: (1) a stably active form, (2) a stably inactive form, termed cryptic, and (3) a labile form, here termed programmable, in which the element exhibits one of a variety of heritable developmental programs of expression. Active elements are transcribed and are hypomethylated at sites upstream of the transcription start site, whereas inactive elements are transcriptionally silent and largely methylated at the upstream sites. Active (both stable and programmable), inactive programmable, and cryptic elements are unmethylated, partially methylated, and fully methylated, respectively, at sites within an 0.35-kb 80% G + C region just downstream from the transcription start site. An active Spin element in a genome with a cryptic element promotes its partial demethylation but not its transcriptional activation. In contrast, a trans-acting Spin promotes extensive demethylation and transcriptional activation of an inactive programmable element, as well as its heritable reactivation. These observations define the molecular components of the Spin element's developmental regulatory mechanism. We discuss their general relevance to the developmental regulation of gene expression.[ 1957, 1958, 1959, 1965aPeterson 1966;Fowler and Peterson 1978). These include the cryptic form, in which the element is genetically silent. Both McClintock and Peterson also identified elements that were capable of undergoing reversible transitions between the active and inactive phases in a characteristic and heritable pattern during development (McClintock 1957(McClintock , 1958(McClintock , 1962(McClintock , 1965a(McClintock , b, 1971Peterson 1966;Fowler and Peterson 1978). We showed recently that the genetic mechanism responsible for the developmental control of Spin expression has two components, which we designated the phase setting and the phase program (Fedoroff and Banks 1988). The phase setting determines whether the element is genetically active or inactive. The phase program determines the heritability of the phase setting, as well as when, where, and how frequently it will be reversed during plant development. The underlying genetic mechanism is heritable, reversible, and capable of promoting the incremental transition of the element from a stably active to a stably inactive (cryptic) form, implying the involvement of multiple epigenetic events (Fedoroff and Banks 1988). In view of the accumulating evidence that the inactivation of gene expression, in general (for reviews, see Razin et al. 1984;Adams and Burdon 1985;Holliday 1987;Cedar 1988), and maize transposable elements, in particular Bennetzen 1985;Chandler and Walbot 1986;Schwartz and Dennis 1986;Chomet et al. 1987; Fedoroff et al. 1988a, b)

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“…2B,C). [3]), AtDFR (A. thaliana dfr [12]), InDFR (Ipomoea nil dfr [13]), ZmDFR (Zea mays dfr [14]), HvDFR (Hordeum 6ulgare dfr [15]), and AtRD14.1 (A. thaliana rd14 similar to EUCAD1 and CPRD14 [8,9]). Length of exons (grey boxes) are denoted in base pairs, and intron Roman numbering is above (A) and (B).…”

Section: Arabidopsis Crls Of the Dfr Superfamilymentioning

confidence: 99%

Two differentially regulated Arabidopsis genes define a new branch of the DFR superfamily

et al. 2001

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Two tandem genes were identified on Arabidopsis chromosome II (AtCRL1 and AtCRL2) encoding proteins with homology to members of the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) superfamily. The encoded CRL1 and CRL2 proteins share 87% mutual amino acid sequence identity whereas their promoter regions are highly divergent, suggesting differential regulation of the CRL genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed CRL1 and CRL2 in a separate branch of the DFR superfamily. Northern blotting showed strong AtCRL1 induction by abscisic acid (ABA), drought, and heat shock, and high expression level in seeds, thus resembling the expression pattern of late embryogenic abundant ABA-responsive genes. Differential expression of the two genes during plant development was confirmed in plants expressing transcriptional fusions between the two promoters and the Escherichia coli b-glucuronidase reporter gene. This showed that, whereas high expression of AtCRL1 in mature seeds declines during subsequent vegetative growth, transcriptional activity from the AtCRL2 promoter increases during vegetative growth. Expression of both genes is restricted to vascular tissue. Based upon their homology to proteins involved in lignin synthesis, we propose that AtCRL2 is involved in generating conducting tissue late in development, while AtCRL1 is involved in vascular tissue differentiation and/or synthesis in the germinating embryos.

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Influence of transposable elements on the structure and function of the A1 gene of Zea mays

Cited by 224 publications

References 44 publications

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

Molecular mechanisms in the developmental regulation of the maize Suppressor-mutator transposable element.

Two differentially regulated Arabidopsis genes define a new branch of the DFR superfamily

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