“…What stood out in the compositional analysis were high ash values of approximately 9.4 and 60% for SMR and PMR, respectively. Hence, volatile content was higher in the SMR residues (>13,000 kJ/mol), as was hydrogen content, at approximately 6% [68].…”
Section: Kinetics Of Other Potentially Important Biomassesmentioning
Today, energy use is an important and urgent issue for economic development worldwide. It is expected that raw material in the form of biomass and lignocellulosic residues will become increasingly significant sources of sustainable energy in the future because they contain components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractables with high energy-producing potential. It is then essential to determine the behavior of these materials during thermal degradation processes, such as pyrolysis (total or partial absence of air/oxygen). Pyrolyzed biomass and its residual fractions can be processed to produce important chemical products, such as hydrogen gas (H2). Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis and its derivative, DTG, are analytical techniques used to determine weight loss as a function of temperature or time and associate changes with certain degradation and mass conversion processes in order to evaluate kinetic properties. Applying kinetic methods (mathematical models) to degradation processes permits obtaining several useful parameters for predicting the behavior of biomass during pyrolysis. Current differential (Friedman) and integral (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Starink, Popescu) models vary in their range of heating speeds (β) and degree of advance (α), but some (e.g., Kissinger’s) do not consider the behavior of α. This article analyzes the results of numerous kinetic studies using pyrolysis and based on thermogravimetric processes involving over 20 distinct biomasses. The main goal of those studies was to generate products with high added value, such as bio-char, methane, hydrogen, and biodiesel. This broad review identifies models and determines the potential of lignocellulosic materials for generating bioenergy cleanly and sustainably.
“…What stood out in the compositional analysis were high ash values of approximately 9.4 and 60% for SMR and PMR, respectively. Hence, volatile content was higher in the SMR residues (>13,000 kJ/mol), as was hydrogen content, at approximately 6% [68].…”
Section: Kinetics Of Other Potentially Important Biomassesmentioning
Today, energy use is an important and urgent issue for economic development worldwide. It is expected that raw material in the form of biomass and lignocellulosic residues will become increasingly significant sources of sustainable energy in the future because they contain components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractables with high energy-producing potential. It is then essential to determine the behavior of these materials during thermal degradation processes, such as pyrolysis (total or partial absence of air/oxygen). Pyrolyzed biomass and its residual fractions can be processed to produce important chemical products, such as hydrogen gas (H2). Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis and its derivative, DTG, are analytical techniques used to determine weight loss as a function of temperature or time and associate changes with certain degradation and mass conversion processes in order to evaluate kinetic properties. Applying kinetic methods (mathematical models) to degradation processes permits obtaining several useful parameters for predicting the behavior of biomass during pyrolysis. Current differential (Friedman) and integral (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Starink, Popescu) models vary in their range of heating speeds (β) and degree of advance (α), but some (e.g., Kissinger’s) do not consider the behavior of α. This article analyzes the results of numerous kinetic studies using pyrolysis and based on thermogravimetric processes involving over 20 distinct biomasses. The main goal of those studies was to generate products with high added value, such as bio-char, methane, hydrogen, and biodiesel. This broad review identifies models and determines the potential of lignocellulosic materials for generating bioenergy cleanly and sustainably.
“… Fig. 3 Various pretreatment methods for biodegradable waste and impact on the molecular level (Bala & Mondal, 2020 ; Banu et al, 2020 ; Córdova et al, 2019 ; El Gnaoui et al, 2020 ; Fang et al, 2020 ; Kannah et al, 2020 ; Liang et al, 2019 ; Yue et al, 2020 ) …”
“…Studies have shown that the content of CaCO 3 in paper sludge is approximately 800 mg/g, and the proportion of fibres accounts for 20–50% in the organic matter content of paper sludge. Currently, paper sludge treatment methods used in China, the Netherlands and England are typically landfill, aerobic compost and resource utilisation (Xie, 2013; Yu et al ., 2014; Fang et al ., 2018; 2020).…”
FeSO 4 was used to activate K 2 S 2 O 8 mixed with paper sludge to condition activated sludge, and its effect on sludge dewaterability was investigated. Interaction effects of various parameters on sludge dewaterability were investigated and analysed by considering the moisture content of cake, specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and capillary suction time (CST) as indicators and the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). Results indicated that the moisture content of cake, SRF and CST decreased from 74.52 to 69.57%, 25.39 × 10 12 to 11.80 × 10 12 m/kg and 199.8 to 146.4 s, respectively, under optimal conditions. RSM results presented that only 0.13% of the response values cannot be interpreted with this model, and the three-factor interaction was observed to be significant. Additionally, sludge dewaterability mechanism observed that K 2 S 2 O 8 mixed with paper sludge used the strong oxidising properties of SO 4 − • to crack sludge flocs. Fine fibres and calcium carbonate in the paper sludge played important roles as the skeleton support in the sludge filtration process, and the internal moisture was rapidly eliminated.
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