Influence of Uncertainty of Body Permittivity on Achievable Radiation Efficiency of Implantable Antennas—Stochastic Analysis

Assessment of Human Exposure (Including Interference to Implantable Devices) to Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Modern Microgrids, Power Systems and Electric Transports

“…The upper boundary of the relevant low-frequency range may be yet assumed conservatively loosely positioned somewhere in the hundreds kHz range, based on the following considerations: (i) such a 100 kHz boundary is purely conventional, (ii) spectral emissions from some conversion apparatus may be shifted with relevant intensity to the higher frequency, and (iii) there is no abrupt transition of the mechanisms of exposure across the said 100 kHz boundary. Conversely, all the reviewed apparatus and systems are not intentional emitters of radiofrequency e.m. field, as occurs for a wide range of radio and smart devices that are widely diffused and feature a rapid technological evolution, culminating in wearable smart devices and antennas deeply interacting with body electromagnetic characteristics [34] and in the wireless LAN, 4G and 5G systems [35,36]. In this case, the prevalent mechanism of exposure is thermal, but some parameters and tissue characteristics are common to the present low-frequency domain, although to quantify at a higher frequency.…”