Influence of various sterilization procedures on TiO2 nanotubes used for biomedical devices

Abstract

Sterilization is the final surface treatment procedure of all implantable devices and is one of the key factors which have to be considered before implementation. Since different sterilization procedures for all implantable devices influence mechanical properties as well as biological response, the influence of different sterilization techniques on titanium nanotubes was studied. Commonly used sterilization techniques such as autoclaving, ultra-violet light sterilization, hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization as well as the not so frequently used gaseous oxygen plasma sterilization were used. Three different nanotube diameters; 15 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm were employed to study the effects of various sterilization techniques. It was observed that autoclave sterilization resulted in destruction of nanotubular features on all three studied nanotube diameters, while UV-light and both kinds of plasma sterilization did not cause any significant morphological changes on the surfaces. Differences between the sterilization techniques employed influenced cytocompatibility, especially in the case of nanotubes with 100 nm diameter.

Understanding and augmenting the stability of therapeutic nanotubes on anodized titanium implants

“…Significant changes were observed after autoclaving, whereby TNTs structures (15, 50, 100 nm in diameter) were damaged to some extent at both the top and bottom.Severe destruction was observed on smaller diameter TNTs, where the open mouth of TNT collapsed while the bottom delaminated. However, the different sterilization methods did not influence the wettability of freshly prepared and sterilized TNTs[57]. Interestingly, in this study only freshly fabricated TNTs were used, as it was reported that ageing turns TNTs more hydrophobic within three weeks[58].…”

Performance of annealed TiO2 nanotubes in interactions with blood platelets

“…31 For instance, with increasing of the annealing temperature, the concentration of the cell-toxic electrolyte residualfluorine decreases. 24,27 In our previous studies, we also proved the long-term hydrophilicity of the annealed TiO 2 NTs, 28 in comparison with the less-hydrophilic amorphous TiO 2 NTs and hydrophobic Ti foil. 27 Despite the unaltered structure of the TiO 2 NT after annealing, TiO 2 NTs' surface with anatase crystal structure prepared in the present study do not provide an environment suitable for platelet adhesion and activation, which is from the view point of stent application beneficial, as it could prevent platelet aggregation and blood clot formation, i.e., thrombosis.…”

“…The TiO 2 NTs were fabricated by the electrochemical anodization method, as described in the literature 24,25 with the Voltcraft VSP 2653/VSP 2206 laboratory power supply. Experiments were carried out at room temperature (» 20°C) in a two-electrode system (Pt/Ti foils) with a working distance of 15 mm.…”

Surface Texture-Based Surface Treatments on Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloys for Tribological and Biological Applications: A Mini Review

“…Sterilization is usually the final surface treatment procedure of all implantable devices and it also must be considered before implementation. Different sterilization procedures for all implantable devices can influence mechanical properties and biological responses [ 146 , 147 , 148 ]. Junkar et al [ 148 ] investigated the effect of different sterilization techniques (sterilization with autoclave, sterilization with ultra-violet (UV) light radiations, commercial hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) plasma, and oxygen plasma treatment) on titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO 2 NTs).…”