Influence of Visual Information and Sex on Postural Control in Children Aged 6–12 Years Assessed with Accelerometric Technology

García-Liñeira, Jesús; Leirós‐Rodríguez, Raquel; Minguet, José Luis Chinchilla; García-Soidán, José Luis

doi:10.3390/diagnostics11040637

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Boys outperformed girls in all physical fitness tests with the exception of the one-legged stance test, where girls outperformed boys. The better static balance of girls is in line with results from previous research reporting gender differences in the development of postural control [ 74 – 77 ]. Better static balance of girls in the ninth year of life might be related to a faster maturation of the vestibular system [ 78 , 79 ] and a faster development of sensory integration ability [ 79 , 80 ] in girls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Better static balance of girls in the ninth year of life might be related to a faster maturation of the vestibular system [ 78 , 79 ] and a faster development of sensory integration ability [ 79 , 80 ] in girls. Previous research reported a higher reliance on visual information for postural control in preadolescent boys compared to girls [ 74 ], and our results may thus indicate a better sensory reweighting ability in girls compared to boys in the ninth year of life.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

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Covid Pandemic Effects on the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: Results of the German EMOTIKON Project

et al. 2023

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Background In spring of 2020, the Sars-CoV-2 incidence rate increased rapidly in Germany and around the world. Throughout the next 2 years, schools were temporarily closed and social distancing measures were put in place to slow the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Did these social restrictions and temporary school lockdowns affect children’s physical fitness? The EMOTIKON project annually tests the physical fitness of all third-graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. The tests assess cardiorespiratory endurance (6-min-run test), coordination (star-run test), speed (20-m sprint test), lower (powerLOW, standing long jump test), and upper (powerUP, ball-push test) limbs muscle power, and static balance (one-legged stance test with eyes closed). A total of 125,893 children were tested in the falls from 2016 to 2022. Primary analyses focused on 98,510 keyage third-graders (i.e., school enrollment according to the legal key date, aged 8 to 9 years) from 515 schools. Secondary analyses included 27,383 older-than-keyage third-graders (i.e., OTK, delayed school enrollment or repetition of a grade, aged 9 to 10 years), who have been shown to exhibit lower physical fitness than expected for their age. Linear mixed models fitted pre-pandemic quadratic secular trends, and took into account differences between children and schools. Results Third-graders exhibited lower cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed and powerUP in the Covid pandemic cohorts (2020–2022) compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts (2016–2019). Children’s powerLOW and static balance were higher in the pandemic cohorts compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts. From 2020 to 2021, coordination, powerLOW and powerUP further declined. Evidence for some post-pandemic physical fitness catch-up was restricted to powerUP. Cohen’s |ds| for comparisons of the pandemic cohorts 2020–2022 with pre-pandemic cohorts 2016–2019 ranged from 0.02 for powerLOW to 0.15 for coordination. Within the pandemic cohorts, keyage children exhibited developmental losses ranging from approximately 1 month for speed to 5 months for cardiorespiratory endurance. For powerLOW and static balance, the positive pandemic effects translate to developmental gains of 1 and 7 months, respectively. Pre-pandemic secular trends may account for some of the observed differences between pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts, especially in powerLOW, powerUP and static balance. The pandemic further increased developmental delays of OTK children in cardiorespiratory endurance, powerUP and balance. Conclusions The Covid-19 pandemic was associated with declines in several physical fitness components in German third-graders. Pandemic effects are still visible in 2022. Health-related interventions should specifically target those physical fitness components that were negatively affected by the pandemic (cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Covid Pandemic Effects on the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: Results of the German EMOTIKON Project

et al. 2023

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“…Boys outperformed girls in all physical fitness tests with the exception of the one-legged stance test, where girls outperformed boys. The better static balance of girls is in line with the results of previous research [81][82][83][84] and might be related to a faster maturation of the vestibular system [85,86] and a faster development of sensory integration ability [86,87] in girls. Previous research has shown a higher reliance on visual information for postural control in preadolescent boys compared to girls [81], and our results may thus indicate a better sensory reweighting ability in girls compared to boys in the ninth year of life.…”

Section: Source Of Variancesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The first four physical fitness tests thus clearly represent the latent construct physical fitness. The low correlation between the one-legged stance with the other tests may be explained by the fact that performance in a static balance test is not energetically-driven, but, as mentioned above, reflects differences in sensory integration and reweighting abilities [81,86,88]. This result is in line with previous research reporting no association of balance and muscular strength [89][90][91].…”

Section: Source Of Variancesupporting

confidence: 86%

The Covid Pandemic Affected the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children

Teich

Fühner

Bähr

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: In spring 2020, the Sars-CoV-2 incidence rate increased rapidly in Germany and around the world. Throughout the next two years, schools were temporarily closed and social distancing measures were put in place to slow the spread of Covid-19. Did these restrictions affect children’s physical fitness? The EMOTIKON project annually tests the physical fitness of all third-graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. The tests assess cardiorespiratory endurance (6-minute-run test), coordination (star-run test), speed (20-m sprint test), lower (powerLOW; standing long jump test) and upper (powerUP; ball-push test) limbs muscle power, and static balance (one-legged stance test with eyes closed). Children were tested in the falls from 2016 to 2021. Primary analyses included 83,476 keyage third-graders (i.e., school enrollment according to the legal key date, aged between eight and nine years) from 512 schools. Secondary analyses focused on two other groups of children, namely 22,761 older-than-keyage third-graders (i.e., OTK, delayed school enrollment or repetition of a grade, aged between nine and ten years), and 1,321 younger-than-keyage third-graders (i.e., YTK, early school enrollment or skipping of a grade, aged between seven and eight years). Linear mixed models took into account cubic secular trends, and differences between children and schools. Results: In keyage children, the Covid pandemic negatively affected a composite fitness score as well as cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, and speed. We found a positive pandemic effect on powerLOW, but no evidence for pandemic effects on powerUP and balance. Cohen’s |ds| for the effects of each pandemic year ranged from 0.05 for cardiorespiratory endurance and powerLOW to 0.15 for coordination. In each pandemic year, keyage children exhibited developmental delays of 3.5 months for cardiorespiratory endurance and coordination, 2.1 months for speed, and a developmental gain of 1.6 months for powerLOW. The pandemic further increased developmental delays of OTK children, who already exhibited physical fitness impairments prior to the pandemic, in cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, powerUP and balance. We found no evidence for differential pandemic effects for YTK children. Conclusions: The Covid pandemic negatively affected several physical fitness components in primary school children. Health-related interventions should prioritize the negatively affected physical fitness components.

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“…Many studies have convincingly demonstrated the effect of the “age” factor on the relationship between psychophysiological and stabilometric characteristics of postural control [ 25 , 66 , 67 , 119 ]. It has been shown that the variability of COP oscillations decreases with the maturation of children up to 10–12 years [ 120 ] and increases with aging after 40 years [ 119 ]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that postural control parameters in older adults are reduced and, accordingly, the risk of falling considerably increases [ 25 , 30 , 66 , 67 , 119 ].…”

Section: Psychophysiological Mechanisms and Factors Determining The I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysiological Indicators of Postural Control. Contribution of the Russian Scientific School. Part I

Bazanova

Kovaleva

2022

Hum Physiol

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— This article aimed to systematically review the published results of studies of psychophysiological mechanisms of posture maintenance and identify the key factors that influence the effectiveness of postural control. The recommendations of “Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes” (PRISMA) were followed for the review. The results were classified, taking into account the target psychophysiological mechanisms and factors affecting postural control. The article presents the theoretical and empirical results of the Russian scientific school of research on the role of support afferentation in the sensorimotor mechanisms of cognitive and postural functions. Due to the limited number of randomized studies found, it was impossible to make meta-analytic comparisons, so the literature analysis was carried out only qualitatively. Meanwhile, our systematic review provides promising information about possible relationships between stabilometric and psychological indicators of postural control, which have theoretical significance and application in the correction and training of posture control. However, more thorough research is needed to overcome the methodological shortcomings that we have encountered in our qualitative analysis.

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Influence of Visual Information and Sex on Postural Control in Children Aged 6–12 Years Assessed with Accelerometric Technology

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Covid Pandemic Effects on the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: Results of the German EMOTIKON Project

Covid Pandemic Effects on the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: Results of the German EMOTIKON Project

The Covid Pandemic Affected the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children

Psychophysiological Indicators of Postural Control. Contribution of the Russian Scientific School. Part I

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