Influence of volatile degassing on initial flow structure and entrainment during undersea volcanic fire fountaining eruptions

Friedman, Peter D.; Carey, Steven; Raessi, Mehdi

doi:10.4236/ns.2012.412129

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Models of submarine eruptions emphasize the influence of volatile degassing on initial flow structure and entrainment during undersea volcanic eruptions (Friedman et al 2012). Release of dissolved volatiles during submarine fire fountaining eruptions can profoundly influence the buoyancy flux at the vent, and experimental simulations by Friedman et al (2012) demonstrate that a submarine eruption discharge can take dramatically different forms, such as fire fountaining or passive effusive discharges, depending on the relative contributions of momentum and buoyancy at the source vent. Thus, the bulk density and, consequently, the positive buoyancy flux with respect to surrounding seawater of the erupting mixtures are (Friedman et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As with sub-aerial eruption clouds, mathematical models shown that entrainment conditions play an important role in the shape and geometry of ascending volcanic material (Suzuki et al 2005). Models of submarine eruptions emphasize the influence of volatile degassing on initial flow structure and entrainment during undersea volcanic eruptions (Friedman et al 2012). Release of dissolved volatiles during submarine fire fountaining eruptions can profoundly influence the buoyancy flux at the vent, and experimental simulations by Friedman et al (2012) demonstrate that a submarine eruption discharge can take dramatically different forms, such as fire fountaining or passive effusive discharges, depending on the relative contributions of momentum and buoyancy at the source vent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain)

et al. 2014

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We report precursory geophysical, geodetic, and geochemical signatures of a new submarine volcanic activity observed off the western coast of El Hierro, Canary Islands. Submarine manifestation of this activity has been revealed through acoustic imaging of submarine plumes detected on the 20-kHz chirp parasound subbottom profiler (TOPAS PS18) mounted aboard the Spanish RV Hespérides on June 28, 2012. Five distinct "filament-shaped" acoustic plumes emanating from the flanks of mounds have been recognized at water depth between 64 and 88 m on a submarine platform located NW El Hierro. These plumes were well imaged on TOPAS profiles as "flares" of high acoustic contrast of impedance within the water column. Moreover, visible plumes composed of white rafts floating on the sea surface and sourcing from the location of the submarine plumes were reported by aerial photographs on July 3, 2012, 5 days after acoustic plumes were recorded. In addition, several geophysical and geochemical data support the fact that these submarine vents were preceded by several precursory signatures: (i) a sharp increase of the seismic energy release and the number of daily earthquakes of magnitude ≥2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain)

et al. 2014

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“…Fluidal shapes observed in ash‐sized pyroclasts (supporting information Figures S4 and S6) have been observed in submarine basaltic eruptions ranging from Strombolian to Hawaiian in eruptive styles [ Clague et al ., , ; Conte et al ., ]. These magmas are at the appropriate depth range (<200 m) at which explosions driven by magmatic volatiles may be expected to occur for such compositions [ Head and Wilson , ; Friedman et al ., ]. Explosive activity of this kind was periodically observed in both the first phase and until late January during the second phase, as evidenced by large upwelling and at the sea surface and the formation of huge bursting bubbles >15 m high [ Carracedo et al ., ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of submarine eruptive activity during the 2011–2012 El Hierro event as documented by hydroacoustic images and remotely operated vehicle observations

Somoza

González

Barker

et al. 2017

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Submarine volcanic eruptions are frequent and important events, yet they are rarely observed.Here we relate bathymetric and hydroacoustic images from the 2011 to 2012 El Hierro eruption with surface observations and deposits imaged and sampled by ROV. As a result of the shallow submarine eruption, a new volcano named Tagoro grew from 375 to 89 m depth. The eruption consisted of two main phases of edifice construction intercalated with collapse events. Hydroacoustic images show that the eruptions ranged from explosive to effusive with variable plume types and resulting deposits, even over short time intervals. At the base of the edifice, ROV observations show large accumulations of lava balloons changing in size and type downslope, coinciding with the area where floating lava balloon fallout was observed. Peaks in eruption intensity during explosive phases generated vigorous bubbling at the surface, extensive ash, vesicular lapilli and formed high-density currents, which together with periods of edifice gravitational collapse, produced extensive deep volcaniclastic aprons. Secondary cones developed in the last stages and show evidence for effusive activity with lava ponds and lava flows that cover deposits of stacked lava balloons. Chaotic masses of heterometric boulders around the summit of the principal cone are related to progressive sealing of the vent with decreasing or variable magma supply. Hornitos represent the final eruptive activity with hydrothermal alteration and bacterial mats at the summit. Our study documents the distinct evolution of a submarine volcano and highlights the range of deposit types that may form and be rapidly destroyed in such eruptions.Plain Language Summary Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred underwater. However, in comparison to subaerial eruption, little is known about submarine eruptive processes as they are dangerous to cruise it over, especially during explosive phases. This work shows the results of a study carried out during the eruption of the submarine volcano occurred during 2011-2012 1 km offshore El Hierro Island, Canary Islands, Spain. The submarine volcano emitted periodically large bubbles of gas, ashes, and giant steamed lava balloons that floated in the sea surface before sinking. These products identified later after the eruption using a submersible vehicle forming huge accumulations of lava balloons on the seafloor. More quiet periods erupted toothpaste lava from secondary cones which formed stalactite-like formations. Massive accumulation of blocks on the summit evidence intermittent violent explosions occurred when the cooling of lava progressively close the vent accumulating gas that finally exploded. The final stage of this submarine eruption consisted in the formation of chimneys by liquid-like lavas mixed with hydrothermal fluids forming 5-10 m tall ''hornitos'' structures at the summit of the volcano at 89 m depth but without emerging as it was expected.

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“…This phenomenon, where the bulk density of magma plus gas bubbles is less than the surrounding environment (water) prior to fragmentation, can never be obtained in the subaerial environment and is likely to lead to novel eruptive behavior in the submarine realm [e.g. Friedman et al, 2012;Rotella et al, 2013].…”

Section: Eruption Mechanism On the Seafloormentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Lava Balloon Formation: New Exploration of the 1993 Submarine Vent Site at Socorro Island, Mexico

Lubetkin¹

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The third of five known lava balloon eruptions occurred January 1993 to March 1994 west of Socorro Island, Mexico. Large highly-vesicular basaltic scoria rose to the sea surface in pulses. Buoyant samples were collected and studied, but the submarine vent was never precisely located. New multibeam mapping and remotely operated vehicle exploration in 2017 by E/V Nautilus located and sampled the 1993 vent site, a volcaniclastic cone at 250 m depth with pillow lava and large scoria blocks. An active, low-temperature hydrothermal system (0.2°C above ambient) with white filamentous Dr. Steve Carey, both of whom provided me with ongoing guidance, encouragement, and motivation throughout my time at GSO and beyond. Their combined mentorship gave me a tremendously meaningful experience. Major thanks to Dr. Dawn Cardace for her valuable feedback and time while serving on my thesis committee. Dr. David Fastovsky, merci beaucoup, I'm so grateful to have met you and had you as my defense chair.

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Influence of volatile degassing on initial flow structure and entrainment during undersea volcanic fire fountaining eruptions

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain)

Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain)

Evolution of submarine eruptive activity during the 2011–2012 El Hierro event as documented by hydroacoustic images and remotely operated vehicle observations

Investigating Lava Balloon Formation: New Exploration of the 1993 Submarine Vent Site at Socorro Island, Mexico

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