Influence of water quality on nitrifier regrowth in two full-scale drinking water distribution systems

Scott, Daniel; Dyke, Michele I. Van; Anderson, William B.; Huck, Peter M.

doi:10.1139/cjm-2015-0375

Cited by 15 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…4). Differences in major nitrifiers in treated waters and tap waters were also reported in early research studies, although comammox Nitrospira was not considered (55,56). For ammonia oxidizers, the proportion of comammox Nitrospira was higher than those of the AOB and AOA in process water (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Use of Newly Designed Primers for Quantification of Complete Ammonia-Oxidizing (Comammox) Bacterial Clades and Strict Nitrite Oxidizers in the Genus Nitrospira

Jiang

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Complete ammonia oxidizing (comammox) bacteria play key roles in environmental nitrogen cycling and all belong to the genus Nitrospira, which was originally believed to include only strict nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (sNOB). Thus, differential estimation of sNOB abundance from comammox Nitrospira has become problematic since both contain nitrite oxidoreductase genes that serve as common targets for sNOB detection. Herein, we developed novel comammox Nitrospira clades A- and B-specific primer sets targeting the α-subunit of ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) and a sNOB-specific primer set targeting cyanase gene (cynS) for quantitative PCR (qPCR). The high coverage and specificity of these primers had been checked by metagenome and metatranscriptome datasets. Efficient and specific amplification with these primers were demonstrated using various environmental samples. Using the newly designed primers, we successfully estimated the abundances of comammox Nitrospira and sNOB in samples from two chloramination-treated drinking water systems and found that, in most samples, comammox Nitrospira clade A was the dominant Nitrospira, and also served as the primary ammonia oxidizer. Compared with other ammonia oxidizers, comammox Nitrospira took advantage in process water samples in these two drinking water systems. We also demonstrated sNOB can be readily misrepresented with the previous method, calculated by subtracting the comammox abundance from the total Nitrospira, especially when the comammox Nitrospira proportion is relatively high. The new primer sets were successfully applied for the quantification of comammox Nitrospira and sNOB, which may prove useful in understanding the roles of Nitrospira in nitrification in various ecosystems. Importance Nitrospira is a dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in many artificial and natural environments. The discovery of complete ammonia oxidizers in Nitrospira prevents the use of previously identified primers targeting Nitrospira 16S rRNA gene or nitrite oxidoreductase (nxr) gene for differential determination of strict nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in Nitrospira (sNOB) and comammox Nitrospira. We designed three novel primer sets that enabled quantification of comammox Nitrospira clades A and B and sNOB with high coverage, specificity, and accuracy in various environments. With designed primer sets, sNOB and comammox Nitrospira were differentially estimated in drinking water systems, and we found that comammox clade A was overcome sNOB and other ammonia oxidizers in process water samples. Accurate quantification of comammox Nitrospira and sNOB using the newly designed primers will provide essential information for evaluating the contribution of Nitrospira to nitrification in various ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Use of Newly Designed Primers for Quantification of Complete Ammonia-Oxidizing (Comammox) Bacterial Clades and Strict Nitrite Oxidizers in the Genus Nitrospira

Jiang

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea (AOA) have also been found that have the ability to oxidize ammonia to nitrite via the same mechanisms [38]. AOA have been shown to grow in drinking water systems, although there are mixed results regarding their prevalence relative to AOB [39][40][41][42]. AOA may not have the same regrowth potential in drinking water as AOB [41].…”

Section: Microbiology Of Nitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AOA have been shown to grow in drinking water systems, although there are mixed results regarding their prevalence relative to AOB [39][40][41][42]. AOA may not have the same regrowth potential in drinking water as AOB [41]. AOA are comprised of species within the archaeal phylum Thaumarchaeota [31], with species found in DWDS being closely related to the Nitrosopumilus maritimus species [39].…”

Section: Microbiology Of Nitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrification in Premise Plumbing: A Review

Bradley

Haas

Sales

2020

Water

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Nitrification is a major issue that utilities must address if they utilize chloramines as a secondary disinfectant. Nitrification is the oxidation of free ammonia to nitrite which is then further oxidized to nitrate. Free ammonia is found in drinking water systems as a result of overfeeding at the water treatment plant (WTP) or as a result of the decomposition of monochloramine. Premise plumbing systems (i.e., the plumbing systems within buildings and homes) are characterized by irregular usage patterns, high water age, high temperature, and high surface-to-volume ratios. These characteristics create ideal conditions for increased chloramine decay, bacterial growth, and nitrification. This review discusses factors within premise plumbing that are likely to influence nitrification, and vice versa. Factors influencing, or influenced by, nitrification include the rate at which chloramine residual decays, microbial regrowth, corrosion of pipe materials, and water conservation practices. From a regulatory standpoint, the greatest impact of nitrification within premise plumbing is likely to be a result of increased lead levels during Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) sampling. Other drinking water regulations related to nitrifying parameters are monitored in a manner to reduce premise plumbing impacts. One way to potentially control nitrification in premise plumbing systems is through the development of building management plans.

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“…Thus, the DWDS was inoculated with AOB and NOB from the produced water. Furthermore, in Canada, no correlation between NOM and nitrite concentrations was found in two DWDSs ( Scott et al., 2015 ). Huang et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased natural organic matter in water distribution decreases nitrite formation in non-disinfected conditions, via enhanced nitrite oxidation

et al. 2020

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Nitrite in drinking water is a potentially harmful substance for humans, and controlling nitrite formation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) is highly important. The effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on the formation of nitrite in simulated distribution systems was studied. The objective was to inspect how a reduced NOM concentration affected nitrite development via nitrification, separated from the effects of disinfection. We observed that nitrite formation was noticeably sensitive to the changes in the NOM concentrations. Nitrite declined with reduced NOM (TOC 1.0 mg L -1 ) but increased with the normal NOM concentration of tap water (TOC 1.6 mg L -1 ). Ammonium oxidation was not altered by the reduced NOM, however, nitrite oxidation was enhanced significantly according to the pseudo-first order reaction rate model interpretation. The enhanced nitrite oxidation was observed with both ammonium and nitrite as the initial nitrogen source. The theoretical maximum nitrite concentrations were higher with the normal concentration of NOM than with reduced NOM. The results suggest that the role of nitrite oxidation may be quite important in nitrite formation in DWDSs and worth further studies. As a practical result, our study supported enhanced NOM removal in non-disinfected DWDSs.

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Influence of water quality on nitrifier regrowth in two full-scale drinking water distribution systems

Cited by 15 publications

References 38 publications

Use of Newly Designed Primers for Quantification of Complete Ammonia-Oxidizing (Comammox) Bacterial Clades and Strict Nitrite Oxidizers in the Genus Nitrospira

Use of Newly Designed Primers for Quantification of Complete Ammonia-Oxidizing (Comammox) Bacterial Clades and Strict Nitrite Oxidizers in the Genus Nitrospira

Nitrification in Premise Plumbing: A Review

Decreased natural organic matter in water distribution decreases nitrite formation in non-disinfected conditions, via enhanced nitrite oxidation

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