In pile driving construction, the soil around the pile will produce vibration and compaction effects to destroy the safety and stability of the surrounding pipelines and buildings. To study the deformation of surrounding soil during piling, this paper adopts ABAQUS finite element analysis software to drive piles at the penetration rates of 7.5, 5, 2, 1 and 0.2 cm/s, respectively, to study the variation law of soil stress and displacement. The results show that the stress distribution below the pile tip is hemispherical, with a range of 6 times the pile diameter, and there is stress concentration at the pile tip. The soil deformation first produces downward compression deformation, then oblique extrusion, and finally vertical unloading under the action of pile side friction resistance. With the increase of the distance from the pile axis, the vertical displacement of the ground surface on the pile side gradually decreases and tends to be gentle at twice the pile diameter. With the increase in penetration rate, the vertical stress at the pile tip increases to a certain extent, but the change is not obvious. The conclusion above can provide some reference value for practical piling construction.