Influences of Airway Obstruction Caused by Adenoid Hypertrophy on Growth and Development of Craniomaxillofacial Structure and Respiratory Function in Children

Abstract

Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common disease in otorhinolaryngology. Children with chronic snoring and hypoxia are susceptible to long-term nasal obstruction, while long-term open-mouth breathing may cause craniofacial bone development disorders and dull facial expressions, the so-called adenoid face. The purpose of this work is to analyze the influence of AH-induced airway obstruction (AO) on the growth and development of craniomaxillofacial structure and respiratory function (RF) in children. The clinical data of 56 AH children (observation group) and 42 healthy children with physical examination (control group) who visited the Hebei Eye Hospital during the same period were retrospectively analyzed. All children received acoustic rhinometry and X-ray cephalometric measurements. The upper airway structure, sleep disorder score, and A / N value of nasopharyngeal lateral X-ray images were compared between cases and controls. For AH children, sleep tests were also performed to assess their RF. X-ray cephalometric measurements of facial morphology showed obvious vertical growth, mandibular retrognathia, and enlarged mandibular angle in AH children. AH mainly affects the size of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway. AH children presented with higher nasal airway resistance ( 5.11 ± 1.95 cmH2O/L min) and lower nasopharyngeal volume (NPV) ( 16.86 ± 3.93 cm3) than controls. Of the AH children, 45 had abnormal RF, including 4 with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The A / N value of nasopharyngeal lateral X-ray images was significantly higher in AH children than in controls. Besides, worse sleep quality was found in AH children. The above differences were all of statistical significance. The above indicates that AH can affect the size of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway, change children’s respiratory mode and RF, increase nasal resistance, and decrease NPV, resulting in upper respiratory tract stenosis, as well as craniomaxillofacial and oral malformations, which affects children’s normal growth and development.

Correlation between Fibreoptic Nasopharyngoscopy and Symptom Score in the Evaluation of Obstructive Adenoid Enlargement

“…Similarly, other workers in Lebanon reported severe symptom scores in 85.7% of younger children versus 29.2% of older children [13]. This agreement may be due to narrower nasopharyngeal space, repeated episodes of upper respiratory tract infections, and increased immunological activity in this age group [6,17]. This research also showed a significant difference in terms of symptomatology scores between the younger and the older http://doi.org/10.33091/amj.2024.144909.1456 age groups (χ 2 = 28.099, P-value = 0.000).…”

“…Obstructive adenoid enlargement affects children in different ways; it obstructs the nasopharyngeal airway passage resulting in nasal obstruction, recurrent rhinorrhea, persistent mouth breathing, snoring, sleep-disordered breathing, obstructive sleep apnea, daytime somnolence and then poor school performance [4,5]. It was reported that adenoid enlargement is the most common cause of sleep problems in chilhttp://doi.org/10.33091/amj.2024.144909.1456 dren, and sleep problems on the other hand have been implicated in major health consequences such as reduced alertness, memory, and learning deficits [6,7]. Therefore, diagnosis of obstructive adenoid enlargement should be achieved as early as possible to avoid these problems.…”

Exploring the Intricate Links between Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy, Mouth Breathing, and Craniofacial Development in Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Unraveling the Vicious Cycle

“…They gradually increase in size as we age, reaching their peak dimensions at around 6 to 7 years old. Subsequently, these critical tissues undergo a process of atrophy, ultimately merging with the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal wall [ 14 ]. Traditionally, the behavior of the pharynx has been attributed to Bernoulli’s theorem.…”

“…A study has demonstrated a correlation between the degree of nasal obstruction in children with primary snoring and changes in cephalometric parameters related to vertical craniofacial growth [ 39 ]. As ATH compels children to rely on mouth breathing as their primary mode of respiration, some researchers propose that prolonged mouth breathing can lead to abnormal development of the maxillofacial bone structure [ 14 ] ( Figure 1 ). Furthermore, the very act of breathing plays a crucial role in the mechanism of pharyngeal collapse, an essential aspect of OSA [ 40 ].…”

Retracted: Influences of Airway Obstruction Caused by Adenoid Hypertrophy on Growth and Development of Craniomaxillofacial Structure and Respiratory Function in Children

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process.…”