Influences of anthropogenic activities on water quality in the Saigon River, Ho Chi Minh City

Abstract

Water quality for the surface water along the Saigon River in Ho Chi Minh City was assessed for four groups of water samples collected at the agricultural, industrial, residential, and less impacted areas. A variety of parameters indicating water quality including physicochemical parameters, nutrients, heavy metals, and antibiotic residues were measured for both the rainy and dry seasons, two main tropical seasons in HCM City using the standard methods. The results showed that the river water in the rainy season was detected with significantly higher values of turbidity, BOD5, PO4-P, NH4-N, NO3-N; and lower values of pH, temperature, conductivity, DO, salinity, Cu, Zn, As, Ni, Hg compared to that in the dry season. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were highly detected in the industrial areas compared to the agricultural and residential areas. Multivariate analyses suggested that the industrial and residential activities were more important contributors to the pollution of the Saigon River than the agricultural activities in HCM City.

Surface Water Quality in Urban Areas in Southern Most Province of Vietnam

“…From that, it can be seen that the activities that can generate waste and wastewater in the study area have not significantly affected the nutrient content present in the water and changed the water quality. Compared with the study conducted in the Saigon River, the concentration of nutrients here tends to be higher, the PO 4 3− -P, NH 4 + -N and NO 3 − -N concentrations were recorded from 0-1.168 mg/L, 0-13.92 mg/L and 0-54,545 mg/L, respectively [37]. In addition, all water samples observed in Uong river have very high concentrations of PO 4…”

“…In general, the average COD content in water bodies affected by urban activities in the Ca Mau province has exceeded the allowable limit of QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT (COD 30 mg/L) and has up to 9/14 monitoring positions exceed the standard from 1.03-2.23 times. Organic pollution in water bodies can come from a large amount of domestic and production wastewater in residential areas, urban areas, and markets in the area, which is untreated or only partially treated discharged directly into the receiving water, and when the amount of organic matter is high, it can reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen in surface water [37]. The location of Ganh Hao river, where the wastewater of production plant is received, has been seriously polluted by organic matter, similar to the present study results at site S2 with the highest BOD 5 and COD content, and the lowest DO among the 14 monitoring locations [13].…”

“…Nutrients are one of the important parameters for water quality management because an overabundance of nutrients can cause algal blooms, which depletes dissolved oxygen in the water and cause pollution the aquatic ecosystem [37]. In the study, three nutrient parameters including ammonium (NH 4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 − -N) and orthophosphate (PO 4 3− -P) were analyzed and detailed in Fig.…”

Anthropization, Salinity and Oxidative Stress in Animals in the Coastal Zone

“…The rapid development of industries to meet the daily demands of a rising population has resulted in the production of more human-generated wastes which include CO 2 emissions, undigested pharmaceutical compounds [8], nanoparticles from wastewater treatment plants, return flow from irrigated fields [9], organic and inorganic biodegradable nutrients, heavy metal accumulation, human pathogens [10], etc. Anthropogenic inputs have led to a transformation in the dynamics of rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal wetlands, etc., through the deposition of sediments, a change in the velocity of water flow [4], a rise in sea levels due to climatic changes, an increase in risks of flood, changes in tidal patterns [11,12], shifts in physicochemical parameters of the aquatic ecosystem (e.g., pH, turbidity, salinity, etc.)…”

Anthropogenic Land Use and Land Cover Change as Potential Drivers of Sediment Sources in the Upper Crocodile River, North West Province, South Africa

“…Rivers play a vital role in sustaining marine organisms and human populations that directly and indirectly depend on it [ 1 ]. However, the progressive deterioration of rivers has resulted from a regional and global crisis, accentuated by increased climate change [ 2 , 3 ].…”