Influences of gendered institutions on women ' s entry into entrepreneurship

Abstract

Purpose – Research and theory indicate that macro-level variables can influence the effects of individual-level factors on the economic behavior of women; however, this has rarely been examined with regard to women ' s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship has thus far been examined from a gender-neutral perspective. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap by deriving predictions using a sociological model of gender stratification and examining the effects of gendered institutions on women ' s entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach – Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataset comprising over 40,000 individuals across 30 countries combined with data from the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI), the authors examined the direct as well as cross-level moderation effects of gendered institutions on the probability of women entering into entrepreneurship. Findings – Results indicated that gendered institutions moderate effects of individual variables on the entrepreneurship of women, suggesting that in theory and research, individual factors affecting women ' s entrepreneurship should be considered within the larger cultural context. Research limitations/implications – The findings provide additional evidence for the gender stratification theory of women ' s economic activity. Future research should examine alternative operationalizations of the variables, as well as effects of additional gendered institutions. Practical implications – Results suggest that changes may be needed in entrepreneurship development policies in countries with cultural values creating barriers for women ' s entrepreneurship. Originality/value – This multi-level analysis is derived from a theoretical framework and helps account for the rates of entrepreneurial activity found among women across many countries.

Work-Family Balance and Marketing Capabilities as Determinants of Chinese Women Entrepreneurs' Firm Performance

“…Women entrepreneurs frequently find it difficult to establish a balance between work and family. The solutions employed by women in handling their workfamily balance are directly connected to the effect of the family (Batsakis, 2014;Carter, Swaura, Ram, Trehan, & Jones, 2015;Jayawarna, Jones, Lam, & Phua, 2014;Jayawarna, Jones, & Macpherson, 2014;Pathak et al, 2013;Powell & Eddleston, 2013;Saridakis et al, 2014;Sullivan & Meek, 2012;Verheul, van Steel, & Thurik, 2006). For example, women are viewed as having a greater responsibility for childcare activities than men (Sullivan & Meek, 2012).…”

“…The benchmark of 40 years, separating mature from younger women entrepreneurs, is used in other studies (Mas-Tur, Pinazo, Tur-Porcar, & Sánchez-Masferrer, 2015). Age has an important influence on entry into entrepreneurship (Pathak et al, 2013) and subsequent stages of the business venture (van der Zwan et al, 2012). Some studies point to a potential positive link between age and performance, as younger women entrepreneurs encounter greater difficulty in securing financing because creditors often question their creditworthiness.…”

“…Important drivers of women's entrepreneurial performance are both subjective perceptions and objective factors Koellinger, Minniti, & Schade, 2007;Krueger & Brazeal, 1994;Noguera, Alvarez, & Urbano, 2013;Pathak, Goltz, & Buche, 2013;van der Zwan, Verheul, & Thurik, 2012). For the purposes of this study, we selected one subjective concept (perception of work-family balance) and one objective factor (marketing capabilities), both within the context of women's entrepreneurship in China, the largest emerging economy in the world (Zhang, Knight, & Tansuhaj, 2014).…”

Advancing Public Policy for High‐Growth, Female, and Social Entrepreneurs

“…For public policy, this means that an institutional design approach is needed in order to affect the context of entrepreneurship (Stam and Nooteboom 2011). For example, gendered institutions, both formal and informal (North 1990), are the fundamental cause of females having dissimilar probabilities of pursuing entrepreneurial activities compared to men (Elam and Terjesen 2010;Pathak, Goltz, and Buche 2013;. These gendered institutions have downstream effects on education, High-Growth Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs and fi rms that have realized a substantial increase in fi rm size (employees) or output (sales) over a number of years • Job creation is highly concentrated among a few (high-growth) fi rms.…”

Identifikasi Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Sukses Wirausaha

“…Oleh karena itu, basis-basis ekonomi kreatif di daerah dan juga potensi kewirausahaan harus banyak bermunculan. Jika hal ini berhasil maka akan dapat mereduksi dikotomi yang selama ini mereduksi potensi kewirausahaan dan sekaligus bisa meningkatkan ekonomikesejahteraan (Aramand, 2013;Kyrgidou dan Petridou, 2013;Marlow dan McAdam, 2013;Pathak, et al, 2013;Javadian dan Singh, 2012;Patterson, et al, 2012;Gonzalez-Alvarez dan Solis-Rodriguez, 2011;Canizares dan Garcıa, 2010).…”