“…Occasionally and if the adaptive capacity of a forest, e.g., genetic diversity and spontaneous adaptation, are so high that they become less vulnerable to climate change and impacts, conservation may be an adaptation alternative. However, this strategy may suffer from under-provisioning of forest goods and services directly used by surrounding communities, e.g., local timber industry (Petucco et al 2015) as well as from increasing vulnerability of forests to disturbances, e.g., fire (San-Miguel-Ayanz et al 2013). Therefore, in the following, we describe the potential expected outcomes of altering BAU to different alternative adaptation strategies, i.e., reactive, active, and robust adaptation.…”