“…Formally employed women face additional challenges to immunizing their children such as loss of income and opportunity costs [ 25 , 38 ] and competing priorities or demands on their time [ 18 , 40 , 55 , 61 ]. Women across geographies and regardless of occupation status experienced gendered expectations of their labor resulting in increased household and caregiving demands, thus decreasing time for immunizations [ 23 , 25 , 40 , 41 , 55 , 60 , 62 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. Seven studies identified a lack of male engagement in the household and in caregiving as a barrier [ 21 , 35 , 43 , 44 , 54 , 62 , 75 ] and four additional studies recommended male engagement as an important strategy given their decision-making power [ 19 , 20 , 63 , 91 ].…”