“…In addition, birds subjected to the sanitary challenge likely ingested a greater amount of coliforms, because of the poor quality of the water provided (without chlorine and containing organic matter and/or excreta because of unclean drinkers). According to Amoroso et al (2015), untreated and poor-quality water contains a higher number of coliforms, including E. coli. However, the additives did not alter the Enterobacteriaceae population, which was consistent with the observations of Sherief et al (2012), who did not report any effect of probiotics and synbiotics on the total count of coliforms, Escherichia coli, or aerobic bacteria.…”