Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets

Richard, Mathilde; Brand, Judith M. A. van den; Bestebroer, Theo M.; Lexmond, Pascal; Meulder, Dennis de; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Lowen, Anice C.; Herfst, Sander

doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14626-0

Cited by 152 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…This potential is further bolstered by the observation that a COVID-19 patient with distinct populations of SARS-CoV-2 in throat swabs and sputum samples only transmitted the throat strain 26 . Similar nasal-driven transmission was recently reported for human influenza A virus in ferrets 30 . However, age-dependent impacts of D614G on SARS-CoV-2 infection, pathogenesis, and transmission remain to be studied.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness

Plante

Liu

et al. 2020

Nature

1,588

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This is a PDF file of a peer-reviewed paper that has been accepted for publication. Although unedited, the content has been subjected to preliminary formatting. Nature is providing this early version of the typeset paper as a service to our authors and readers. The text and figures will undergo copyediting and a proof review before the paper is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness

Plante

Liu

et al. 2020

Nature

1,588

1,626

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Also, all four macaques expressed SARS-CoV-2 antigen in mucous glands of the nasal cavity at day 4 p.i., which was not seen for SARS-CoV (9)(10)(11) or MERS-CoV infections (this manuscript) in this animal model. Viral tropism for the nasal mucosa fits with efficient respiratory transmission, as has been seen for influenza A virus (18). SARS-CoV-2 was primarily detected in tissues of the respiratory tract, however SARS-CoV-2 RNA was also detectable in other tissues such as intestines, in line with a recent report (19).…”

Section: Main Textsupporting

confidence: 87%

Comparative Pathogenesis Of COVID-19, MERS And SARS In A Non-Human Primate Model

Rockx

Kuiken

Herfst

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was recently identified in patients with an acute respiratory syndrome, COVID-19. To compare its pathogenesis with that of previously emerging coronaviruses, we inoculated cynomolgus macaques with SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV and compared with historical SARS-CoV infections. In SARS-CoV-2-infected macaques, virus was 5 excreted from nose and throat in absence of clinical signs, and detected in type I and II pneumocytes in foci of diffuse alveolar damage and mucous glands of the nasal cavity. In SARS-CoV-infection, lung lesions were typically more severe, while they were milder in MERS-CoV infection, where virus was detected mainly in type II pneumocytes. These data show that SARS-CoV-2 can cause a COVID-19-like disease, and suggest that the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection 10 is intermediate between that of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

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“…The efficiency of transmission via the air depends on the anatomical site of virus excretion, the amount and duration of infectious virus shedding in the air, the ability of the virus to remain infectious in the air, and the infectious dose required to initiate an infection in an individual. It was recently shown that influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets 30 . In the current study, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nose and throat swabs of all infected ferrets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance

Kutter

Meulder

Bestebroer

et al. 2020

Preprint

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SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and caused a pandemic, whereas the closely related SARS-CoV was contained rapidly in 2003. Here, a newly developed experimental set-up was used to study transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 through the air between ferrets over more than a meter distance. Both viruses caused a robust productive respiratory tract infection resulting in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to two of four indirect recipient ferrets and SARS-CoV to all four. A control pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus also transmitted efficiently. Serological assays confirmed all virus transmission events. Although the experiments did not discriminate between transmission via small aerosols, large droplets and fomites, these results demonstrate that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious while traveling through the air. Efficient virus transmission between ferrets is in agreement with frequent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in mink farms. Although the evidence for airborne virus transmission between humans under natural conditions is absent or weak for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, ferrets may represent a sensitive model to study interventions aimed at preventing virus transmission.

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Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets

Cited by 152 publications

References 50 publications

Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness

Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness

Comparative Pathogenesis Of COVID-19, MERS And SARS In A Non-Human Primate Model

SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance

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