Influenza

Krammer, Florian; Smith, Gavin; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Peiris, Malik; Kedzierska, Katherine; Doherty, Peter C.; Palese, Peter; Shaw, Megan L.; Treanor, John J.; Webster, Robert G.; García‐Sastre, Adolfo

doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y

Cited by 1,138 publications

(1,200 citation statements)

References 221 publications

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“…Lethal influenza infections are primarily associated with high risk populations, including infants (< 1 year), the elderly (> 65 years), and individuals with pre-existing comorbidities, including chronic respiratory abnormalities, cardiac disease, immunodeficiency, and pregnancy [11,12]. Mortality in children and young adults is generally low [3]. Symptoms manifest as a sudden high fever, headache, pharyngitis, cough, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue, which generally resolve within 7 days in healthy adults [11,13].…”

Section: General Influenza Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Symptoms manifest as a sudden high fever, headache, pharyngitis, cough, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue, which generally resolve within 7 days in healthy adults [11,13]. Severe and/or lethal disease is typically associated with viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial infections in the lower respiratory tract [3].…”

Section: General Influenza Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Influenza viruses have posed a continual threat to global public health since at least as early as the Middle Ages, resulting in an estimated 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 291,243-645,832 deaths annually worldwide, according to a recent estimate [1]. Regional influenza epidemics occur on an annual basis, resulting in millions of illnesses and hospitalizations despite intensive vaccination and awareness programs [2,3]. Moreover, influenza pandemics arise sporadically due to the introduction of an antigenically-distinct influenza A virus within a population, which can result in devastating effects on global public health and healthcare networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919

2019

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Background: In the spring of 1918, the "War to End All Wars", which would ultimately claim more than 37 million lives, had entered into its final year and would change the global political and economic landscape forever. At the same time, a new global threat was emerging and would become one of the most devastating global health crises in recorded history.Main text: The 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus spread across Europe, North America, and Asia over a 12-month period resulting in an estimated 500 million infections and 50-100 million deaths worldwide, of which~50% of these occurred within the fall of 1918 (Emerg Infect Dis 12: 15-22, 2006, Bull Hist Med 76:105-115, 2002. However, the molecular factors that contributed to the emergence of, and subsequent public health catastrophe associated with, the 1918 pandemic virus remained largely unknown until 2005, when the characterization of the reconstructed pandemic virus was announced heralding a new era of advanced molecular investigations (Science 310:77-80, 2005). In the century following the emergence of the 1918 pandemic virus we have landed on the Moon, developed the electronic computer (and a global internet), and have eradicated smallpox. In contrast, we have a largely remedial knowledge and understanding of one of the greatest scourges in recorded history.Conclusion: Here, we reflect on the 1918 influenza pandemic, including its emergence and subsequent rapid global spread. In addition, we discuss the pathophysiology associated with the 1918 virus and its predilection for the young and healthy, the rise of influenza therapeutic research following the pandemic, and, finally, our level of preparedness for future pandemics.

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Section: General Influenza Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Influenza Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919

2019

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“…Influenza viruses, whose negative‐sense ssRNA genomes are segmented into eight parts that are copackaged into the virion, provide a good example for two types of evolutionary processes. On the one hand, the surface glycoproteins, subject to immune pressure by the host, undergo incremental point mutations (as proposed by Darwin), a process termed antigenic drift . On the other hand, entire gene segments can be exchanged if a cell is coinfected with two or more different influenza viruses, a process called antigenic shift.…”

Section: Viruses As Drivers Of Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What viruses tell us about evolution and immunity: beyond Darwin?

Broecker

Moelling

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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We describe mechanisms of genetic innovation mediated by viruses and related elements that, during evolution, caused major genetic changes beyond what was anticipated by Charles Darwin. Viruses and related elements introduced genetic information and have shaped the genomes and immune systems of all cellular life forms. None of these mechanisms contradict Darwin's theory of evolution but extend it by means of sequence information that has recently become available. Not only do small increments of genetic information contribute to evolution, but also do major events such as infection by viruses or bacteria, which can supply new genetic information to a host by horizontal gene transfer. Thereby, viruses and virus‐like elements act as major drivers of evolution.

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“…Viruses impose many health problems, which can cause severe diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs) [1] or prevalent problems such as influenza [2]. It is therefore important to understand cellular alterations caused by viruses during infection, which can be either used to subdue virus replication for clinical disease management or be taken advantage of in the industry toward increased vaccine production against viral diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orchestrated efforts on host network hijacking: Processes governing virus replication

et al. 2020

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With the high pervasiveness of viral diseases, the battle against viruses has never ceased. Here we discuss five cellular processes, namely "autophagy", "programmed cell death", "immune response", "cell cycle alteration", and "lipid metabolic reprogramming", that considerably guide viral replication after host infection in an orchestrated manner. On viral infection, "autophagy" and "programmed cell death" are two dynamically synchronized cell survival programs; "immune response" is a cell defense program typically suppressed by viruses; "cell cycle alteration" and "lipid metabolic reprogramming" are two altered cell housekeeping programs tunable in both directions. We emphasize on their functionalities in modulating viral replication, strategies viruses have evolved to tune these processes for their benefit, and how these processes orchestrate and govern cell fate upon viral infection. Understanding how viruses hijack host networks has both academic and industrial values in providing insights toward therapeutic strategy design for viral disease control, offering useful information in applications that aim to use viral vectors to improve human health such as gene therapy, and providing guidelines to maximize viral particle yield for improved vaccine production at a reduced cost. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Influenza

Cited by 1,138 publications

References 221 publications

A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919

A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919

What viruses tell us about evolution and immunity: beyond Darwin?

Orchestrated efforts on host network hijacking: Processes governing virus replication

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