Influenza-associated excess mortality in the Philippines, 2006-2015

Cheng, Kent Jason G.; Rivera, Adovich S.; Lam, Hilton Y.; Ulitin, Allan; Nealon, Joshua; Dizon, Ruby; Wu, David Bin-Chia

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234715

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 21 publications

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“…Numerous confounders may influence the validity of studies comparing the COVID-19 pandemic outcome in different populations and countries, including different management and testing strategies, reporting of confirmed cases, COVID-19-related hospitalizations or death rates [27]. Instead, a more reliable measure for early phase pandemic outcomes could be the all-cause mortality relative to previous years, as, for example, the seasonal flu is reflected in the all-cause mortality during the winter months in many countries [28][29][30]. Also, limiting analyses to regions with comparable national public health policies, societal organization and life expectancy should be considered, and Europe provides a good example for that [16].…”

Section: Navigating Around Confounders To Explore a Possible Bcg-covimentioning

confidence: 99%

On the relationship between BCG coverage and national COVID‐19 outcome: could ‘heterologous’ herd immunity explain why some countries are better off?

Lerm

2020

J. Intern. Med.

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The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected most parts of the global society since its emergence, and the scientific community has been challenged with questions urgently demanding answers. One of the early hypotheses on COVID‐19 outcome was that some protection could be offered by the tuberculosis vaccine (BCG), and several clinical studies were initiated along with the emergence of numerous observational studies on the relationship between BCG and COVID‐19 severity. In the present work, I demonstrate a strong correlation between the number of years that countries implemented BCG vaccination plans and age‐standardized mortality rates during the first months of the pandemic in Europe. Further analyses of age groups in two European countries with comparably few confounding factors and easily identifiable groups of BCG‐vaccinated and non‐vaccinated subgroups suggest a population‐level effect of BCG on national outcomes of COVID‐19. This phenomenon of ‘heterologous herd immunity’ deserves further investigation, both in epidemiological and experimental studies.

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Section: Navigating Around Confounders To Explore a Possible Bcg-covimentioning

confidence: 99%

On the relationship between BCG coverage and national COVID‐19 outcome: could ‘heterologous’ herd immunity explain why some countries are better off?

Lerm

2020

J. Intern. Med.

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Immunogenicity and Safety of a Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Population Aged 3 Years and Older in Chile and the Philippines: A Phase 3, Non-Inferiority, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Yang,

González,

Xin

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the non-inferiority of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) developed by Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd. (Sinovac, Beijing, China) by comparing its immunogenicity and safety with a comparator QIV (Vaxigrip Tetra®) in a population aged 3 years and older in Chile and the Philippines. Methods: A phase 3, non-inferiority, double-blind, randomized controlled, multicenter clinical trial was conducted in the southern hemisphere (SH) 2023 influenza season. Participants aged ≥ 3 years old with stable health were randomized 1:1 to receive either Sinovac QIV or comparator QIV. The co-primary outcomes were immunological non-inferiority for Sinovac QIV versus the comparator against each strain contained in the vaccines in terms of seroconversion rates (SCRs) and geometric mean titers (GMTs) of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies 28 days after final vaccination. Results: A total of 2039 participants were vaccinated (1019 Sinovac QIV; 1020 comparator QIV). Sinovac QIV induced non-inferior immune responses to all four strains as compared to comparator QIV, with slightly higher GMTs than those of comparator QIV: GMT ratios (lower limit 95% confidence interval (CI)) were 1.8 (1.6) for A(H1N1), 1.4 (1.3) for A (H3N2), 1.3 (1.1) for B Victoria and 1.2 (1.1) for B Yamagata; observed seroconversion rate differences (lower limit 95% CI) were 9.6% (6.7) for A(H1N1), 7.0% (3.5) for A(H3N2), 2.4% (−0.03) for B Victoria and 6.8% (3.0) for B Yamagata. Adverse reactions were similar across the two groups and no vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: The immunogenicity of Sinovac QIV was non-inferior to that of the comparator QIV in these populations aged 3 years and older, and safety was comparable.

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Influenza-associated excess mortality in the Philippines, 2006-2015

Cited by 2 publications

References 21 publications

On the relationship between BCG coverage and national COVID‐19 outcome: could ‘heterologous’ herd immunity explain why some countries are better off?

On the relationship between BCG coverage and national COVID‐19 outcome: could ‘heterologous’ herd immunity explain why some countries are better off?

Immunogenicity and Safety of a Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Population Aged 3 Years and Older in Chile and the Philippines: A Phase 3, Non-Inferiority, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

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