Influenza-Associated Mortality in Georgia (2009–2011)

Butsashvili, Maia; Kandelaki, George; Zakhashvili, Khatuna; Machablishvili, A; Avaliani, Nata

doi:10.1155/2012/480763

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Patients with confirmed pathogens had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease than those without confirmed pathogens. One study suggested that diagnosed cardiovascular disease was related to a fatal outcome in influenza-positive SARI patients [ 21 ]. Our study revealed that the proportions of patients who received influenza and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were few, so respiratory disease vaccination programs targeting individuals with cardiovascular-related diseases should be recommended.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiological and epidemiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory infection caused by multiple viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients in Jinshan, Shanghai: A pilot hospital-based surveillance study

Song²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) results in a tremendous disease burden worldwide. Available research on active surveillance among hospitalized adult patients suffering from SARI in China is limited. This pilot study aimed to identify associated etiologies and describe the demographic, epidemiological and clinical profiles of hospitalized SARI patients aged over 16 years in Jinshan, Shanghai. Methods Active surveillance was conducted at 1 sentinel hospital in Jinshan district, Shanghai, from April 2017 to March 2018. Hospitalized SARI patients aged over 16 years old were enrolled, and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected within 24 hours of admission and tested for multiple respiratory viruses (including 18 common viruses) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical information was obtained from case report forms. Results In total, 397 SARI patients were enrolled; the median age was 68 years, and 194 (48.9%) patients were male. A total of 278 (70.0%) patients had at least one underlying chronic medical condition. The most frequent symptoms were cough (99.2%) and sputum production (88.4%). The median duration of hospitalization was 10 days. A total of 250 infection patients (63.0%) were positive for at least one pathogen, of whom 198 (49.9%) were positive for a single pathogen and 52 (13.1%) were positive for multiple pathogens. The pathogens identified most frequently were M. pneumoniae (23.9%, 95/397), followed by adenovirus (AdV) (11.6%, 46/397), influenza virus A/H3N2 (Flu A/H3N2) (11.1%, 44/397), human rhinovirus (HRhV) (8.1%, 32/397), influenza virus B/Yamagata (Flu B/Yamagata) (6.3%, 25/397), pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1 (Flu A/pH1N1) (4.0%, 16/397), parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 1 (2.0%, 8/397), human coronavirus (HCoV) type NL63 (2.0%, 8/397), HCoV 229E (1.5%, 6/397), HCoV HKU1 (1.5%, 6/397), PIV 3 (1.5%, 6/397), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (1.5%, 6/397), PIV 4 (1.3%, 5/397), HCoV OC43 (1.0%, 4/397), influenza virus B/Victoria (Flu B/Victoria) (0.5%, 2/397), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) type B (0.5%, 2/397), and human bocavirus (HBoV) (0.3%, 1/397). The seasonality of pathogen-confirmed SARI patients had a bimodal distribution, with the first peak in the summer and the second peak in the winter. Statistically significant differences were observed with respect to the rates of dyspnea, radiographically diagnosed pneumonia and the presence of at least one comorbidity in patients who were infected with only M. pneumoniae, AdV, HRhV, Flu A/H3N2, Flu A /pH1N1 or Flu B/Yamagata. The differences in the positivity rates of the above 6 pathogens among the different age groups were nonsignificant. Conclusions M. pneumoniae, AdV and Flu A/H3N2 were the main pathogens detected in hospitalized SARI patients aged over 16 years old in Jinshan district, Shanghai. Our findings highlight the importance of sustained multipathogen surveillance among SARI patients in sentinel hospitals, which can provide useful information on SARI etiologies, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiological and epidemiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory infection caused by multiple viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients in Jinshan, Shanghai: A pilot hospital-based surveillance study

Song²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…Another special study on influenza mortality in Georgia conducted between 2009–2011 found that diagnosed coronary heart disease was commonly associated with fatal outcomes among influenza positive SARI cases (19% for type A, 68% for type B). [ 14 ] Individuals with cardiovascular disease could be targets for influenza vaccination programs in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance in the country of Georgia, 2015-2017

et al. 2018

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BackgroundSevere Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) causes substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. The country of Georgia conducts sentinel surveillance to monitor SARI activity and changes in its infectious etiology. This study characterizes the epidemiology of SARI in Georgia over the 2015/16 and 2016/17 influenza seasons, compares clinical presentations by etiology, and estimates influenza vaccine effectiveness using a test-negative design.MethodsSARI cases were selected through alternate day systematic sampling between September 2015 and March 2017 at five sentinel surveillance inpatient sites. Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae using a multiplex diagnostic system. We present SARI case frequencies by demographic characteristics, co-morbidities, and clinical presentation, and used logistic regression to estimate influenza A vaccine effectiveness.Results1,624 patients with SARI were identified. More cases occurred in February (28.7%; 466/1624) than other months. Influenza was the dominant pathogen in December-February, respiratory syncytial virus in March-May, and rhinovirus in June-November. Serious clinical symptoms including breathing difficulties, ICU hospitalization, and artificial ventilation were common among influenza A and human metapneumovirus cases. For influenza A/H3, a protective association between vaccination and disease status was observed when cases with unknown vaccination status were combined with those who were unvaccinated (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.97).ConclusionsMulti-pathogen diagnostic testing through Georgia’s sentinel surveillance provides useful information on etiology, seasonality, and demographic associations. Influenza A and B were associated with more severe outcomes, although the majority of the population studied was unvaccinated. Findings from sentinel surveillance can assist in prevention planning.

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“…vaccines, antivirals), notably prioritized vaccination of risk groups among other measures. However, limited data are available on influenza morbidity and mortality in Georgia [8][9][10] and none of these publications describe antigenic and genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza viruses circulating in the country. Georgia is located in the Caucasus region and covers a territory of 69700 km 2 with a population of around 3.7 million people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of three influenza seasons in Georgia, 2014–2017

Machablishvili¹,

Chakhunashvili²,

Zakhashvili³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundInfluenza epidemiological and virologic data from Georgia are limited. We aimed to present Influenza Like Illness (ILI) and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) surveillance data and characterize influenza viruses circulating in the country over three influenza seasons.MethodsWe analyzed sentinel site ILI and SARI data for the 2014–2017 seasons in Georgia. Patients’ samples were screened by real-time RT-PCR and influenza viruses isolated were characterized antigenically by haemagglutination inhibition assay and genetically by sequencing of HA and NA genes.Results32% (397/1248) of ILI and 29% (581/1997) of SARI patients tested were positive for influenza viruses. In 2014–2015 the median week of influenza detection was week 7/2015 with B/Yamagata lineage viruses dominating (79%); in 2015–2016—week 5/2016 was the median with A/H1N1pdm09 viruses prevailing (83%); and in 2016–2017 a bimodal distribution of influenza activity was observed—the first wave was caused by A/H3N2 (55%) with median week 51/2016 and the second by B/Victoria lineage viruses (45%) with median week 9/2017. For ILI, influenza virus detection was highest in children aged 5–14 years while for SARI patients most were aged >15 years and 27 (4.6%) of 581 SARI cases died during the three seasons. Persons aged 30–64 years had the highest risk of fatal outcome, notably those infected with A/H1N1pdm09 (OR 11.41, CI 3.94–33.04, p<0.001). A/H1N1pdm09 viruses analyzed by gene sequencing fell into genetic groups 6B and 6B.1; A/H3N2 viruses belonged to genetic subclades 3C.3b, 3C.3a, 3C.2a and 3C.2a1; B/Yamagata lineage viruses were of clade 3 and B/Victoria lineage viruses fell in clade1A.ConclusionIn Georgia influenza virus activity occurred mainly from December through March in all seasons, with varying peak weeks and predominating viruses. Around one third of ILI/ SARI cases were associated with influenza caused by antigenically and genetically distinct influenza viruses over the course of the three seasons.

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Influenza-Associated Mortality in Georgia (2009–2011)

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Etiological and epidemiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory infection caused by multiple viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients in Jinshan, Shanghai: A pilot hospital-based surveillance study

Etiological and epidemiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory infection caused by multiple viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients in Jinshan, Shanghai: A pilot hospital-based surveillance study

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance in the country of Georgia, 2015-2017

Overview of three influenza seasons in Georgia, 2014–2017

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