Influenza B virus outbreak at a religious residential school for boys in Northern Bangladesh, 2011

Haque, Farhana; Sturm‐Ramirez, Katharine; Homaira, Nusrat; Gurley, Emily S.; Hossain, Jobayer; Hasan, S. M. Murshid; Chowdhury, Sukanta; Sarkar, Shamim; Khan, Ar-Rafi; Rahman, Mustafizur; Rahman, Mahmudur; Luby, Stephen P.

doi:10.1111/irv.12430

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Another enormous and highly significant group of children and adolescents are enrolled to Islamic boarding schools or pesantren. Several studies already proved the role of pesantren in relation with immunization and the transmission of some infectious diseases (Haque et al, 2017;Pratama, Putri, Wibowo, & Nugraheni, 2016;Sumarni & Susanna, 2014).…”

Section: The Limitation Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antidiphtheria Antibodies of Seroepidemiology Survey Among Adolescents in Bangkalan and Kediri Districts

Husada

Marbun

Primayani

et al. 2019

JBE

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Background: An increase in diphtheria cases has occurred in East Java Province since 2011. The resistance level to diphtheria is considered as the most important cause. Purpose: The study aims analyzed the immunity level immunity to diphtheria in adolescents aged 16-18 years old in Bangkalan and Kediri Districts. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, conducted on students in eleven grade of senior high schools (SMAN) from both districts. The inclusion criteria included being 16-18 years old and students in eleven grades of senior high schools in Bangkalan and Kediri. This study was approved by their parents/guardians. The exclusion criteria included immunocompromised students and those who have a history of diphtheria infection. The data were obtained from 204 samples, 89 samples in Bangkalan, and 115 samples in Kediri. The antidiphtheria antibodies examination was carried out by the Vero cell method. The antibodies levels were grouped according to WHO standard, consist of vulnerable, basic, full, and long-term. Further analysis was done with 2 tiers of immunity, consist of immune and vulnerable. Results: The immunization coverage for basic and booster diphtheria vaccine is better in Kediri than in Bangkalan. In contrast, levels of antibodies samples in Bangkalan District is better. The participants who were immune in Bangkalan were higher than those in Kediri (91% vs. 44.3%). Conclusion: The immunity adolescents of Bangkalan is higher than in adolescent Kediri District. The adolescents in Kediri have a greater risk to get infected by the disease

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Section: The Limitation Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antidiphtheria Antibodies of Seroepidemiology Survey Among Adolescents in Bangkalan and Kediri Districts

Husada

Marbun

Primayani

et al. 2019

JBE

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“…Fieldworkers again observed hygiene practices 14 months after the pilot intervention commenced. Out of 230 students' coughing and sneezing events, 13 (6%) students used their upper sleeves after coughing (5) and after sneezing (8), and 4 (2%) covered their coughs and sneezes with a dopatta (scarf). However, 154 (67%) students coughed and sneezed into the open air, and 59 (26%) covered their coughs and sneezes with hands and did not wash them with water and soap afterward (Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schools are efficient settings for the spread of infectious respiratory diseases, facilitating outbreaks and expanding epidemics by bringing many individuals together in a limited area for prolonged periods. [1][2][3][4] Studies conducted both in high-and low-income countries including Bangladesh 5 suggested that close proximity interaction in schools and within students' social network enhances the transmission of infectious disease, particularly influenza, in schools, households, and communities. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Focused research on coughing and sneezing behaviors and habits, however, has been rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot of an Elementary School Cough Etiquette Intervention: Acceptability, Feasibility, and Potential for Sustainability

Sultana

Nizame

Southern

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Schools convene many people together for a prolonged time, facilitating spread of respiratory pathogens and amplifying epidemics. Crowded Bangladeshi schools lack the infrastructure to support optimal cough etiquette behaviors. We collected formative data on current practices from four elementary schools, and developed and piloted a low-cost cough etiquette intervention, promoting coughing and sneezing into upper sleeves at four additional schools. We trained teachers to lead behavior change sessions during regular hygiene classes for 4 weeks. We evaluated intervention acceptability, feasibility, and potential for sustainability at 1 month and at 14 months after the intervention commenced. At baseline, among 63 observed students, 58 (92%) coughed/sneezed into open air, five (8%) covered coughs/sneezes with their hands, which were not subsequently washed with soap and water as they judged this infeasible. After 4 weeks, among 70 observed students, 27 (39%) coughed/sneezed into upper sleeves, 33 (47%) into open air, and 10 (12%) covered with hands. After 14 months, among 230 observed students, 13 (6%) used upper sleeves, 154 (67%) coughed/sneezed into open air, and 59 (26%) covered with hands. Students reported that coughing/sneezing into upper sleeves was simple and protected them and their classmates from germs. This school-based intervention was acceptable and feasible, and resulted in short-term reductions in coughing/sneezing into open air, but these habits of comparatively new behavior were not sustained as teachers ceased behavior change session delivery. Strategies to support longer-term adoption of habits should be considered.

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“…Influenza outbreaks are not new in crowded environments such as schools [ 8 – 10 ]. Outbreak of influenza in these and many other settings could easily go undetected or in some cases unreported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 outbreak of unknown source in a Ghanaian senior high school

et al. 2020

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Background Influenza is an acute viral respiratory tract infection caused by influenza virus and transmitted from person to person. Though usually seasonal in temperate climates, influenza occurs throughout the year in the tropics with outbreaks occurring at irregular intervals. On February 6, 2018, a number of students from a Senior High School (SHS) in Accra reported to a district hospital with cough, fever and other respiratory symptoms. An influenza-like illness (ILI) outbreak was suspected. We investigated to determine the magnitude and source of the outbreak and implement control and preventive measures. Methods We interviewed health workers, staff and students of the school as well as case-patients and reviewed health records to collect data on demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms, date of illness onset and outcome. We defined ILI case as “any person in the SHS with fever (measured axillary temperature of ≥ 37.5 °C or history of fever) and cough with or without sore throat or runny nose from January 21 to February 26, 2018”. We conducted active case search to identify more cases and took oropharyngeal samples for laboratory testing. We performed descriptive and inferential analysis by calculating attack rate ratios (ARR) and their exact 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Of the 3160 students, 104 case-patients were recorded from January 25, 2018 to February 13, 2018 (overall attack rate of 3.3%). Mean age of case-patients was 16.1 (±2.3) years with males constituting 71.2% (74/104). Sex specific attack rates were 5.6% (74/1331) and 1.6% (30/1829) for males and females respectively. Compared to females, males were 3.4 times as likely to be ill [ARR =3.4, 95%CI = (2.23–5.15)]. Nine oropharyngeal samples from 17 suspected case-patients tested positive for influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Conclusion Outbreak of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 occurred in a SHS in Accra from January to February, 2018. Even though source of the outbreak could not be determined, prompt case management and health education on hand and personal hygiene as non-pharmacological factors probably contributed to the outbreak control. The outbreak ended with a scheduled mid-term break. This underscores the need for more evidence on the effect of school closure in influenza outbreak control.

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Influenza B virus outbreak at a religious residential school for boys in Northern Bangladesh, 2011

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

The Antidiphtheria Antibodies of Seroepidemiology Survey Among Adolescents in Bangkalan and Kediri Districts

The Antidiphtheria Antibodies of Seroepidemiology Survey Among Adolescents in Bangkalan and Kediri Districts

Pilot of an Elementary School Cough Etiquette Intervention: Acceptability, Feasibility, and Potential for Sustainability

Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 outbreak of unknown source in a Ghanaian senior high school

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