Influenza Specific Serum IgE is Present in Non‐Allergic Subjects

Davidsson, Åke; Eriksson, Jens-Christian; Rudblad, Stig; Brokstad, Karl Albert

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01710.x

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Influenza vaccines cause IgE mediated sensitization to influenza viral proteins (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Upon subsequent infection with influenza virus, we have mast cell degranulation as in the case of dengue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Mechanisms Explaining the Role of IgE, Mast Cells, Histamine, Elevating Ferritin, IL-6, D-dimer, VEGF Levels in COVID-19 and Dengue, Potential Treatments Such As Mast Cell Stabilizers, Antihistamines, Vitamin C, Hydroxychloroquine, Ivermectin and Azithromycin

Arumugham

2020

SSRN Journal

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A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 was identified in Wuhan, China. The disease caused by the virus can range in severity from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death.Primary dengue infection results in IgE mediated sensitization against dengue virus (DENV) proteins. These IgE bind to receptors on mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the antigen recognized by the IgE, mast cell degranulation occurs releasing mediators such as histamine. Therefore secondary dengue infection results in urticaria, increased vascular permeability, hypotension, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). A case of "slow rolling anaphylaxis".Since vaccines contain animal proteins derived from animals infected with any number of viral diseases, one could develop IgE mediated sensitization to numerous viral proteins including coronavirus proteins. Therefore, receipt of such vaccines acts like a dengue "primary infection". It results in IgE mediated sensitization directed against coronavirus proteins. Once sensitized, a SARS-CoV-2 infection therefore now becomes the equivalent of a secondary dengue infection and similarly can have a severe course for the same reason -IgE mediated mast cell degranulation and the immune cascade that follows.There are many common observations between COVID-19 and dengue. Elevated levels of ferritin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), D-dimer, coagulopathy, urticaria and ARDS are reported in both diseases.There are many indicators that mast cell degranulation and histamine release may have a major role in COVID-19 and dengue severity. Mast cell stabilizers, antihistamines, Vitamin C, HCQ, azithromycin, ivermectin may address different aspects of this cascade and thus reduce disease severity. Disease mechanisms and immunopathology must be understood. Focusing on anti-viral action of drugs alone could be counter productive. For example, CQ had no effect on viraemia but decreased cases of DHF.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Mechanisms Explaining the Role of IgE, Mast Cells, Histamine, Elevating Ferritin, IL-6, D-dimer, VEGF Levels in COVID-19 and Dengue, Potential Treatments Such As Mast Cell Stabilizers, Antihistamines, Vitamin C, Hydroxychloroquine, Ivermectin and Azithromycin

Arumugham

2020

SSRN Journal

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“…No anaphylactic reactions were associated with vaccination 16. However, serum IgE levels were increased after Influenza vaccination, which might indicate a participation of IgE in viral defense 16. Earlier studies of Dobber, et al also found that IgE specific Influenza virus antibodies were increased after influenza vaccination in mice 17.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Recent studies of Davidsson, et al demonstrated in healthy human subjects, with no known allergy, IgE responses against Influenza A 16. No anaphylactic reactions were associated with vaccination 16.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Long Term Persistence of IgE Anti-Influenza Virus Antibodies in Pediatric and Adult Serum Post Vaccination with Influenza Virus Vaccine

Smith‐Norowitz¹,

Wong²,

Kusonruksa³

et al. 2011

Int. J. Med. Sci.

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The production of IgE specific to different viruses (HIV-1, Parvovirus B19, Parainfluenza virus, Varicella Zoster Virus), and the ability of IgE anti-HIV-1 to suppress HIV-1 production in vitro, strongly suggest an important role for IgE and/or anti viral specific IgE in viral pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the presence and persistence of IgE anti-Influenza virus antibodies has not been studied. Total serum IgE and specific IgE and IgG anti-Influenza virus antibodies were studied in children (N=3) (m/f 14-16 y/o) and adults (N=3) (m/f, 41-49 y/o) 2-20 months after vaccination with Influenza virus (Flumist® or Fluzone®), as well as in non-vaccinated children (N=2). (UniCAP total IgE Fluoroenzymeimmunoassay, ELISA, Immunoblot). We found that serum of vaccinated children and adults contained IgE and IgG anti-Influenza virus antibodies approaching two years post vaccination. Non-vaccinated children did not make either IgE or IgG anti-Influenza antibodies. Similar levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokines were detected in serum of vaccinated compared with non vaccinated subjects (p>0.05), as well as between vaccinated adults compared with vaccinated children and non vaccinated subjects (p>0.05). Vaccinated children and adults continue to produce IgE anti-Influenza virus antibodies long term post vaccination. The long term production of IgE anti-Influenza virus antibodies induced by vaccination may contribute to protective immunity against Influenza.

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“…These include lysis of infected cells, cellular infiltration, and inflammation, as well as production of cytokines, chemokines, and other pro‐inflammatory molecules that cause a flurry of symptoms including fever and malaise. Interestingly, also in the case of influenza and rhinoviruses, the most frequent cause of common cold, the viruses lead to mast cell degranulation, in part by IgE‐independent mechanisms , but likely also due to virus‐specific IgE . This is the reason why most composite influenza and common cold medications contain antihistamines.…”

Section: Comparison Of Sit With Classical Flu Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allergen-specific immunotherapy: is it vaccination against toxins after all?

Bachmann

Kündig

2016

Allergy

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IgE-mediated allergies, in particular allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma, have reached epidemic proportions, affecting about one-third of the population in developed countries. The most effective treatment for allergies is specific immunotherapy (SIT), which involves the injection of increasing doses of an allergen extract to allergic individuals. The current form of SIT was first introduced in 1911 and recently celebrated its 100th birthday for the treatment of hay fever. The concept of this therapy at the time was straightforward, as it was believed that pollen contained toxins against which the patient could be vaccinated. However, the understanding became blurred with the discovery that IgE antibodies were the effector molecules of the allergic response. Subsequent research focused on the idea that SIT should induce tolerance keeping the IgE antibodies at bay. In this review, we will discuss the various hypotheses for the mechanism of SIT and we will put forward the concept that allergens may be viewed as 'protoxins' which need to be activated by IgE antibodies. Within this framework, protoxin-neutralizing antibodies are the key effector molecules while a shift to Th1 or Treg cells mainly contributes to the efficacy of SIT by helping B cells to produce neutralizing IgG antibodies.

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Influenza Specific Serum IgE is Present in Non‐Allergic Subjects

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Immunological Mechanisms Explaining the Role of IgE, Mast Cells, Histamine, Elevating Ferritin, IL-6, D-dimer, VEGF Levels in COVID-19 and Dengue, Potential Treatments Such As Mast Cell Stabilizers, Antihistamines, Vitamin C, Hydroxychloroquine, Ivermectin and Azithromycin

Immunological Mechanisms Explaining the Role of IgE, Mast Cells, Histamine, Elevating Ferritin, IL-6, D-dimer, VEGF Levels in COVID-19 and Dengue, Potential Treatments Such As Mast Cell Stabilizers, Antihistamines, Vitamin C, Hydroxychloroquine, Ivermectin and Azithromycin

Long Term Persistence of IgE Anti-Influenza Virus Antibodies in Pediatric and Adult Serum Post Vaccination with Influenza Virus Vaccine

Allergen-specific immunotherapy: is it vaccination against toxins after all?

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