Influenza Vaccines

Clements, Mary Lou

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-9265-6.50012-9

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…The presence of antigen-specific antibodies in the mucosa after TCI may be due to local production by antibody-secreting cells (IgA) or through transudation of circulating immunoglobulin from the sera (IgG or IgA). In general, mucosal IgG is thought to be transudative (28), and such responses are clearly protective against influenza (7). On the other hand, IgA detected at the mucosal level is usually presumed to be of local origin (31), but this remains to be determined for the anti-CT IgA produced by TCI, since high levels of anti-IgA are present in the sera of immunized mice (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcutaneous Immunization with Bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Exotoxins as Antigens and Adjuvants

et al. 1999

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Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a new technique that uses the application of vaccine antigens in a solution on the skin to induce potent antibody responses without systemic or local toxicity. We have previously shown that cholera toxin (CT), a potent adjuvant for oral and nasal immunization, can induce both serum and mucosal immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA and protect against toxin-mediated mucosal disease when administered by the transcutaneous route. Additionally, CT acts as an adjuvant for coadministered antigens such as tetanus and diphtheria toxoids when applied to the skin. CT, a member of the bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxin (bARE) family, is most potent as an adjuvant when the A-B subunits are present and functional. We now show that TCI induces secondary antibody responses to coadministered antigens as well as to CT in response to boosting immunizations. IgG antibodies to coadministered antigens were also found in the stools and lung washes of immunized mice, suggesting that TCI may target mucosal pathogens. Mice immunized by the transcutaneous route with tetanus fragment C and CT developed anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies and were protected against systemic tetanus toxin challenge. We also show that bAREs, similarly organized as A-B subunits, as well as the B subunit of CT alone, induced antibody responses to themselves when given via TCI. Thus, TCI appears to induce potent, protective immune responses to both systemic and mucosal challenge and offers significant potential practical advantages for vaccine delivery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcutaneous Immunization with Bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Exotoxins as Antigens and Adjuvants

et al. 1999

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“…The importance of mucosal immunity, e.g., IgA, in resistance to respiratory disease is probably best demonstrated for viral infections (7,8,26,27). However, parenteral administration of vaccine does not significantly promote immune responses within the upper respiratory tract, despite development of significant serum antibody responses (6). Circulating antibody, while effective against lower respiratory tract infections, does not play a significant role in protecting the upper respiratory tract (18,30).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mucosally Induced Immunoglobulin E-Associated Inflammation in the Respiratory Tract

et al. 2000

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The purpose of the present study was to determine the immunologic responses, particularly immunopathologic reactions, associated with nasal immunization with the mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin (CT). BALB/c mice were nasally immunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) combined with CT, and the responses of these mice were determined. After nasal immunization, mice produce a serum antibody response, primarily of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype of predominantly IgG1 subclass, against both TT and CT. Along with the antibody responses, we also found that inflammatory reactions, which could be potentially fatal, developed within the lung. Furthermore, IgE responses were also induced after nasal immunization, and these responses were associated with the detection of interleukin 5 in the serum. Thus, nasal immunization with TT plus CT likely results in the activation of Th2 cells, which may contribute to serious immunopathologic reactions in the lung.

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“…A global surveillance system governed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization was established to monitor the drift of the antigenic structures of emerging influenza viruses. The accrued information provides public health authorities with the basis of selecting the HA and NA genes from the appropriate wild-type viruses for incorporation into the influenza virus vaccine (3,4). Therefore, the six genes from the cold-adapted master donor strains ensure the attenuation and the HA and NA genes from the wild-type viruses confer the protective immunity against contemporary influenza strains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic Stability of Cold-Adapted Influenza Virus Vaccine in an Efficacy Clinical Trial

Cha¹,

Kao²,

Zhao³

et al. 2000

J Clin Microbiol

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An investigational live influenza virus vaccine, FluMist, contains three cold-adapted H1N1, H3N2, and B influenza viruses. The vaccine viruses are 6/2 reassortants, in which the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes are derived from the circulating wild-type viruses and the remaining six genes are derived from the cold-adapted master donor strains. The six genes from the cold-adapted master donor strains ensure the attenuation, and the HA and NA genes from the wild-type viruses confer the ability to induce protective immunity against contemporary influenza strains. The genotypic stability of this vaccine was studied by employing clinical samples collected during an efficacy trial. Viruses present in the nasal and throat swab specimens and in supernatants after culturing the specimens were detected and subtyped by multiplex reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Complete genotypes of these detected viruses were determined by a combination of RT-PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism, multiplex RT-PCR and fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism, and nucleic acid sequencing analysis. The FluMist vaccine appeared to be genotypically stable after replication in the human host. All viruses detected during the 2-week postvaccination period were shed vaccine viruses and had maintained the 6/2 genotype.

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Influenza Vaccines

Cited by 5 publications

References 133 publications

Transcutaneous Immunization with Bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Exotoxins as Antigens and Adjuvants

Transcutaneous Immunization with Bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Exotoxins as Antigens and Adjuvants

Mucosally Induced Immunoglobulin E-Associated Inflammation in the Respiratory Tract

Genotypic Stability of Cold-Adapted Influenza Virus Vaccine in an Efficacy Clinical Trial

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