Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic

Oxford, John; Gilbert, Anthony; Lambkin‐Williams, Robert

doi:10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_6

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The first formalin inactivated whole virus particle influenza vaccines were developed over six decades ago. The antibody based immunity and protection induced, both in animal models and in humans, is focused tightly towards the HA and NA of the vaccine virus and its close relationship to the natural field virus (reviewed in ). Hence the scientific concept is one of close antigenic matching of the surface HA protein of community virus and vaccine virus which amounts to pre‐estimating which influenza A (H3N2) and H1N1 and B virus will be dominating in the community and preparing ahead of time a correspondingly matched vaccine virus.…”

Section: Are Current Ha/na Vaccines Limited In Efficacy and Is There mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current influenza HA/NA vaccines are safe and effective but have some limitations as reviewed in . For example adults, post‐vaccination, may produce a broad cross reacting (CR) series of HI antibodies and may indeed even recall an antibody response to the first member of the virus subtype encountered during a lifetime (‘Original Antigenic Sin’) whereas what is really required is a more tight response of strain specific (SS) antibody to the vaccine virus .…”

Section: Are Current Ha/na Vaccines Limited In Efficacy and Is There mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a universal influenza vaccine: volunteer virus challenge studies in quarantine to speed the development and subsequent licensing

Oxford

2013

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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There are now more than 5 experimental vaccine formulations which induce T and B cell immunity towards the internally situated virus proteins matrix (M1 and M2e) and nucleoprotein (NP), and towards stem and stalk regions of the HA which have a shared antigenic structure amongst many of the 17 influenza A virus sub types. Such 'universal vaccines' could be used, at least in theory, as a prophylactic stockpile vaccine for newly emerged epidemic and novel pandemic influenza A viruses or as a supplement to conventional HA/NA vaccines. My own laboratory has approached the problem from the clinical viewpoint by identifying CD4+ cells which are present in influenza infected volunteers who resist influenza infection. We have established precisely which peptides in M and NP proteins react with these immune CD4 cells. These experimental vaccines induce immunity in animal models but with a single exception no data have been published on protection against influenza virus infection in humans. The efficacy of the latter vaccine is based on vaccinia virus (MVA) as a carrier and was analyzed in a quarantine unit. Given the absence of induced HI antibody in the new universal vaccines a possible licensing strategy is a virus challenge model in quarantine whereby healthy volunteers can be immunized with the new vaccine and thereafter deliberately infected and clinical signs recorded alongside quantities of virus excreted and compared with unvaccinated controls.

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Section: Are Current Ha/na Vaccines Limited In Efficacy and Is There mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Are Current Ha/na Vaccines Limited In Efficacy and Is There mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a universal influenza vaccine: volunteer virus challenge studies in quarantine to speed the development and subsequent licensing

Oxford

2013

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Inactivated and Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines

Giudice

Rappuoli

2014

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Inactivated influenza vaccines are produced every year to fight against the seasonal epidemics of influenza. Despite the nonoptimal coverage, even in subjects at risk like the elderly, pregnant women, etc., these vaccines significantly reduce the burden of mortality and morbidity linked to the influenza infection. Importantly, these vaccines have also contributed to reduce the impact of the last pandemics. Nevertheless, the performance of these vaccines can be improved mainly in those age groups, like children and the elderly, in which their efficacy is suboptimal. The use of adjuvants has proven effective to this scope. Oil-in-water adjuvants like MF59 and AS03 have been licensed and widely used, and shown efficacious in preventing influenza infection in the last pandemic. MF59-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine was more efficacious than non-adjuvanted vaccine in preventing influenza infection in young children and in reducing hospitalization due to the influenza infection in the elderly. Other adjuvants are now at different stages of development and some are being tested in clinical trials. The perspective remains to improve the way inactivated vaccines are prepared and to accelerate their availability, mainly in the case of influenza pandemics, and to enhance their efficacy/effectiveness for a more successful impact at the public health level.

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A Brief History of Human Challenge Studies (1900–2021) Emphasising the Virology, Regulatory and Ethical Requirements, Raison D’etre, Ethnography, Selection of Volunteers and Unit Design

Oxford

Catchpole

Mann

et al. 2022

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic

Cited by 6 publications

References 79 publications

Towards a universal influenza vaccine: volunteer virus challenge studies in quarantine to speed the development and subsequent licensing

Towards a universal influenza vaccine: volunteer virus challenge studies in quarantine to speed the development and subsequent licensing

Inactivated and Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines

A Brief History of Human Challenge Studies (1900–2021) Emphasising the Virology, Regulatory and Ethical Requirements, Raison D’etre, Ethnography, Selection of Volunteers and Unit Design

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