Information about Predators Varies across an Amazonian Rain Forest as a Result of Sentinel Species Distribution

Camerlenghi, Ettore; Tellaroli, Paola; Griggio, Matteo; Martínez, Ari E.

doi:10.1086/705242

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Later, Munn & Terborgh [22] and Munn [37] reported that Thamnomanes ardesiacus , T. schistogynus and Lanio versicolor (in Amazonian Peru) perform unambiguous alarm calls, which other flock participants interpret as an alarm, a result confirmed by playback experiments [11,165,166]. Several subsequent studies, in the tropical forests of South America, have identified Thamnomanes antshrikes as either nuclear, leader or sentinel species [11,21,37,38,66,103,158]. Outside the Neotropics, other studies have reported species that produce alarm calls, especially Cyanistes caeruleus , Parus major and Periparus ater for Parid mixed flocks in the temperate forests of the Palearctic [70,167], Dicrurus paradiseus in Sri Lanka and Nepal [65,168], and Turdoides bicolor in semiarid regions of South Africa [148].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…As mentioned above, Marshall [15] seems to have been the first to introduce the idea of sentinel species, but Winterbottom [74] was the first to specifically discuss the communication of fear between flock participants (even though neither stated a clear sentinel role). Later, Munn & Terborgh [22] and Munn [37] reported that Thamnomanes ardesiacus, T. schistogynus and Lanio versicolor (in Amazonian Peru) perform unambiguous alarm calls, which other flock participants interpret as an alarm, a result confirmed by playback experiments [11,165,166]. Several subsequent studies, in the tropical forests of South America, have identified Thamnomanes antshrikes as either nuclear, leader or sentinel species [11,21,37,38,66,103,158].…”

Section: (C) Terminology Used To Define Species Rolesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…For each publication, we recorded (1) author(s), (2) year of publication, (3) title, and (4) journal or place of publication. We then extracted the following variables for each study, according to the degree of detail provided: (5) country, (6) locality, (7) environment as described by the author(s), (8) GPS coordinates, (9) presence/absence of sentinel species, (10) presence/absence of nuclear species, (11) presence/absence of leader species, (12) seasonality of occurrence, and (13) whether the flocks were territorial. Further, if the author(s) described any distinctive feature of the mixed flock system (14), we characterized the types of flocks defined by the authors (15), the traits used to classify those flocks (16), whether flock composition is available, at least in part (17), and whether the mean number of species (18) and individuals per species (19) were reported.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This behavioural role will likely be the most difficult to identify because there are few opportunities to witness the detection of a predator, the emission of an alarm call, and the flock participants' reaction to that alarm. Nevertheless, verifying this behaviour by experimental playback of alarm calls [11,58,[164][165][166] would allow further opportunities to test convergent evolution in communities with different evolutionary histories.…”

Section: Rolesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…One example of kin-based sociality is cooperative breeding, where strong social bonds between individuals are maintained by direct and indirect benefits linked to kinship and group augmentation [9]. Alternatively, multi-species groups harbour individuals with different ecological requirements where, for example, different species eavesdrop on one another to gain information about risks [10,11] and/or resources [12]. One key example of heterospecific attraction is the formation of avian multi-species groups known as mixed-species flocks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A classification scheme for mixed-species bird flocks

Mangini

Rutt²,

Sridhar

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The literature on mixed-species flocks references a wide variety of bird associations. These studies, however, have used an array of unstructured characteristics to describe flocks, ranging from the temporal occurrence of flocking to the identity and behavioural features of constituent members, with little consensus on which key traits define and characterize a mixed-species flock. Moreover, although most studies report species-specific roles, there is no clear consensus about what these roles signify nor how to define them. This lack of consistency limits our ability to compare flocks from different habitats, regions and species pools. To unify this sizable body of literature, we reviewed and synthesized 538 studies on mixed-species flocks. We propose 13 categories to classify mixed-species flocks using behavioural and physical traits at the flock and participant level, as well as the habitat where the flock occurs. Lastly, we discuss the historical terminology for different species roles and propose definitions to clarify and distinguish among nuclear, leader, sentinel, and flock-following species. We envision that these guidelines will provide a universal language for mixed-species flock research, paving the way for future comparisons and new insight between different regions and systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes’.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: (C) Terminology Used To Define Species Rolesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rolesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A classification scheme for mixed-species bird flocks

Mangini

Rutt²,

Sridhar

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Network structure of avian mixed-species flocks decays with elevation and latitude across the Andes

Montaño‐Centellas

Muñoz

Mangini

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Birds in mixed-species flocks benefit from greater foraging efficiency and reduced predation, but also face costs related to competition and activity matching. Because this cost–benefit trade-off is context-dependent (e.g. abiotic conditions and habitat quality), the structure of flocks is expected to vary along elevational, latitudinal and disturbance gradients. Specifically, we predicted that the connectivity and cohesion of flocking networks would (i) decline towards tropical latitudes and lower elevations, where competition and activity matching costs are higher, and (ii) increase with lower forest cover and greater human disturbance. We analysed the structure of 84 flock networks across the Andes and assessed the effect of elevation, latitude, forest cover and human disturbance on network characteristics. We found that Andean flocks are overall open-membership systems (unstructured), though the extent of network structure varied across gradients. Elevation was the main predictor of structure, with more connected and less modular flocks upslope. As expected, flocks in areas with higher forest cover were less cohesive, with better defined flock subtypes. Flocks also varied across latitude and disturbance gradients as predicted, but effect sizes were small. Our findings indicate that the unstructured nature of Andean flocks might arise as a strategy to cope with harsh environmental conditions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes’.

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Information about Predators Varies across an Amazonian Rain Forest as a Result of Sentinel Species Distribution

Cited by 2 publications

References 38 publications

A classification scheme for mixed-species bird flocks

A classification scheme for mixed-species bird flocks

Network structure of avian mixed-species flocks decays with elevation and latitude across the Andes

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